神经生长因子抗体疗法
他尼珠 (Tanezumab) 是一种人源化单克隆抗体,它能结合并抑制神经生长因子。在一项 II 期临床期试验中,它显示出在减轻骨性关节炎疼痛方面很有前景的结果,但在 III 期临床试验中有意外多的受试者出现了缺血性坏死,使得美国食品药物监督管理局停止了该项研究。[114]Lane NE, Schnitzer TJ, Birbara CA, et al. Tanezumab for the treatment of pain from osteoarthritis of the knee. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:1521-1531.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20942668?tool=bestpractice.com 2012 年 2 月,美国食品药物监督管理局关于骨性关节炎的咨询委员会未发现骨性关节炎以及骨坏死的迅速进展与该药物有相关性。因此咨询委员会建议恢复他尼珠对骨关节炎治疗的临床试验。[115]Food and Drug Administration Arthritis Advisory Committee. Tanezumab: Arthritis Advisory Committee briefing document. February 2012. http://www.fda.gov/ (last accessed 8 December 2016).http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/Drugs/ArthritisAdvisoryCommittee/UCM295205.pdf附加的 III 期临床试验证实了静脉使用他尼珠治疗髋、膝关节骨关节炎的疗效;无论联合或不联合非甾体抗炎药,他尼珠均同样有效,并且其效果优于羟考酮。[116]Brown MT, Murphy FT, Radin DM, et al. Tanezumab reduces osteoarthritic knee pain: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial. J Pain. 2012;13:790-798.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22784777?tool=bestpractice.com[117]Schnitzer TJ, Ekman EF, Spierings EL, et al. Efficacy and safety of tanezumab monotherapy or combined with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of knee or hip osteoarthritis pain. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:1202-1211.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24625625?tool=bestpractice.com[118]Brown MT, Murphy FT, Radin DM, et al. Tanezumab reduces osteoarthritic hip pain: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65:1795-1803.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.37950/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23553790?tool=bestpractice.com[119]Spierings EL, Fidelholtz J, Wolfram G, et al. A phase III placebo- and oxycodone-controlled study of tanezumab in adults with osteoarthritis pain of the hip or knee. Pain. 2013;154:1603-1612.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23707270?tool=bestpractice.com[120]Balanescu AR, Feist E, Wolfram G, et al. Efficacy and safety of tanezumab added on to diclofenac sustained release in patients with knee or hip osteoarthritis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicentre phase III randomised clinical trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73:1665-1672.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23852695?tool=bestpractice.com Fulranumab 是另一种抗神经生长因子抗体。一项皮下注射 fulranumab 对中到重度骨关节炎患者治疗的随机对照试验显示其能改善功能和缓解疼痛。[121]Sanga P, Katz N, Polverejan E, et al. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of fulranumab, an anti-nerve growth factor antibody, in the treatment of patients with moderate to severe osteoarthritis pain. Pain. 2013;154:1910-1919.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23748114?tool=bestpractice.com
多西环素
在体外实验中,多西环素可抑制胶原蛋白 XI 的降解以及对一氧化氮合成酶有诱导作用,一氧化氮合成酶在骨关节炎的软骨内很常见,可以导致软骨细胞分泌基质金属蛋白酶。多西环素在动物实验研究中对骨关节炎的软骨有积极作用。[30]Brandt KD, Mazzuca SA, Katz BP, et al. Effects of doxycycline on progression of osteoarthritis: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:2015-2025.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15986343?tool=bestpractice.com 在一项随机、安慰剂对照、双盲临床试验报道,在随访 30 个月后,多西环素减缓了膝关节骨关节炎关节间隙变窄的速度。[30]Brandt KD, Mazzuca SA, Katz BP, et al. Effects of doxycycline on progression of osteoarthritis: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:2015-2025.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15986343?tool=bestpractice.com 多西环素相较于安慰剂组不能改善膝关节疼痛症状,尽管两组的基础疼痛评分均较低。一项系统评价显示多西环素并未减缓髋关节、膝关节骨关节炎关节间隙变窄的过程或并无临床获益。[122]da Costa BR, Nüesch E, Reichenbach S, et al. Doxycycline for osteoarthritis of the knee or hip. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(11):CD007323.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007323.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23152242?tool=bestpractice.com [
]In people with osteoarthritis of the knee or hip, what are the effects of doxycycline?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.119/full显示答案 目前仍未准许多西环素应用于骨性关节炎的治疗,长期应用可能不切实际。尽管如此,它仍是未来从病理学和病因学角度治疗骨关节炎的药物研发方向。[30]Brandt KD, Mazzuca SA, Katz BP, et al. Effects of doxycycline on progression of osteoarthritis: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:2015-2025.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15986343?tool=bestpractice.com
自体调适血清 (autologous conditioned serum, ACS)
关节内注射的 ACS 来源于患者自体血液,在未来可能是一种治疗选择。一项随机对照试验症在 376 名膝关节骨关节炎患者中比较了关节内注射 ACS、透明质酸和生理盐水治疗效果。结局包括了在第 7、13、26 周时西安大略和麦克马斯特大学骨关节炎指数、全面患者评估、视觉模拟评分以及应用简表 8 的数据。所有治疗组都显示出了症状减轻和生活质量提高的获益,但作者总结到 ACS 优于生理盐水和透明质酸,临床差异是显著的。ACS 治疗的不良事和生理盐水相近,但低于透明质酸组。[123]Baltzer AW, Moser C, Jansen SA, et al. Autologous conditioned serum (Orthokine) is an effective treatment for knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2009;17:152-160.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18674932?tool=bestpractice.com
关节内注射富血小板血浆 (platelet-rich plasma, PRP)
一项准实验和单臂研究的 meta 分析和随机对照临床试验结果表明,PRP 可提高膝关节骨关节炎患者的功能,其疗效似乎比透明质酸更佳。但作者报告,在改善退行性改变的严重程度方面结果不一致,因而影响了治疗反应。关节退行性改变较轻的受试者从 PRP 注射治疗中受益更多。此结果联合研究分析的异质性,使人们对结果的有效性提出质疑。还需要进行关于 PRP 作用的进一步研究。[124]Chang KV, Hung CY, Aliwarga F, et al. Comparative effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma injections for treating knee joint cartilage degenerative pathology: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95:562-575.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24291594?tool=bestpractice.com 进一步的系统评价显示了相似的结果。[125]Khoshbin A, Leroux T, Wasserstein D, et al. The efficacy of platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review with quantitative synthesis. Arthroscopy. 2013;29:2037-2048.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24286802?tool=bestpractice.com[126]Campbell KA, Saltzman BM, Mascarenhas R, et al. Does intra-articular platelet-rich plasma injection provide clinically superior outcomes compared with other therapies in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis? A systematic review of overlapping meta-analyses. Arthroscopy. 2015;31:2213-2221.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26033459?tool=bestpractice.com
他喷他多 (tapentadol)
他喷他多是中枢系统 μ 型阿片类受体兴奋剂以及去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂。一项随机双盲 III 期临床试验对 878 名有下腰痛或骨关节炎疼痛(髋或膝)超过 90 天的患者比较了他喷他多速释型和羟考酮快速释型的治疗反应。受试者被随机分配 (4:1) 至他喷他多组或羟考酮组接受治疗。最后只有他喷他多组中的 391 例 (57.6%) 和羟考酮组中的 86 例(50.6%)完成了试验。对疼痛程度的评估显示了两者疗效相近,而他喷他多速释型具有更好的胃肠道耐受性。[127]Hale M, Upmalis D, Okamoto A, et al. Tolerability of tapentadol immediate release in patients with lower back pain or osteoarthritis of the hip or knee over 90 days: a randomized, double-blind study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009;25:1095-1104.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19301989?tool=bestpractice.com 一项 III 期临床试验 (n=1030) 将慢性膝关节骨关节炎相关关节疼痛的患者随机分配到他喷他多 100-250 mg 每日两次的缓释治疗组和盐酸羟考酮 20-50mg 每日两次的控释治疗组,或安慰剂组。他喷他多缓释治疗组疼痛程度改善≥50% 的患者比例(32.0%,[110/344])较安慰剂组(24.3%,[82/337],p=0.027)的显著升高,而羟考酮控释治疗组(17.3%,[59/342];p=0.023 与安慰剂组比较)中疼痛程度改善≥50% 的患者的比例更低。他喷他多比羟考酮具有更少的胃肠道副作用。[128]Afilalo M, Etropolski MS, Kuperwasser B, et al. Efficacy and safety of Tapentadol extended release compared with oxycodone controlled release for the management of moderate to severe chronic pain related to osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled phase III study. Clin Drug Investig. 2010;30:489-505.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20586515?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How does tapentadol affect outcomes in adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.834/full显示答案
利克飞龙 (licofelone)
一项多中心研究探索了利克飞龙(一种 5-脂氧合酶和环氧化酶抑制剂)与萘普生相比较,作为疾病改善药物对关节软骨的作用。膝关节骨关节炎患者 (n=355) 被随机分至利克飞龙治疗组(200 mg,每日 2 次)和萘普生治疗组(500 mg,每日 2 次)接受治疗。磁共振成像检查与 X 线检查分别在基线时、6 个月时(仅做磁共振成像检查)、12 个月时和 24 个月时进行。磁共振成像检查用来评价软骨容量的量变化,X 线检查用以测量内侧间室关节间隙宽度 (joint space width, JSW) 的变化。在 12 个月和 24 个月时利克飞龙组的关节软骨容量损失在整个关节以及内外侧间室中比萘普生组明显较少。相比萘普生,利克飞龙对关节间隙宽度变窄的减轻程度较少,但这尚未达到统计显著性。两组的临床变量在 24 个月时都有所改善。[129]Raynauld JP, Martel-Pelletier J, Bias P, et al. Protective effects of licofelone, a 5-lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, versus naproxen on cartilage loss in knee osteoarthritis: a first multicentre clinical trial using quantitative MRI. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:938-947.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18653484?tool=bestpractice.com
双膦酸盐
唑来膦酸是用于治疗骨质疏松症的一种静脉使用的双膦酸盐。一项随机对照临床试验纳入 59 名中到重度膝关节骨关节炎受试者,研究结果显示,与安慰剂相比,单次输注唑来膦酸后疼痛症状有一定的改善效果。膝关节磁共振成像检查中唑来膦酸组的骨髓病变区域在统计学上具有显著改善。[130]Laslett LL, Doré DA, Quinn SJ, et al. Zoledronic acid reduces knee pain and bone marrow lesions over 1 year: a randomised controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71:1322-1328.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355040?tool=bestpractice.com 奈立膦酸(奈立膦酸钠)也与膝关节骨关节炎急性加重患者的临床相关疼痛缓解有关。[131]Varenna M, Zucchi F, Failoni S, et al. Intravenous neridronate in the treatment of acute painful knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2015;54:1826-1832.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25998450?tool=bestpractice.com
甲氨蝶呤
一项随机对照试验显示,相对于安慰剂,氨甲蝶呤可以减轻膝关节骨性关节炎疼痛。作者报告称,根据超声和临床检查,炎症反应和滑膜炎均减少,这提示受试者除了患有骨关节炎之外还有患有炎症性关节炎的可能性,从而可以解释患者对氨甲蝶呤的反应。[132]Abou-Raya A, Abou-Raya S, Khadrawe T. Methotrexate in the treatment of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: randomised placebo-controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014 Mar 27 [Epub ahead of print].http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24675098?tool=bestpractice.com
泼尼松龙
一项随机对照试验称低剂量的强的松龙可以减轻老年患者膝关节骨关节炎的膝关节疼痛,改善躯体功能,以及减轻全身炎症反应(定义为血清中白介素 1、白介素 6、肿瘤坏死因子 α 以及高敏 C 反应蛋白水平降低)[133]Abou-Raya A, Abou-Raya S, Khadrawi T, et al. Effect of low-dose oral prednisolone on symptoms and systemic inflammation in older adults with moderate to severe knee osteoarthritis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Rheumatol. 2014;41:53-59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24293578?tool=bestpractice.com
螺内酯
一项回顾性研究显示,基于超声检查,螺内酯有助于减少膝关节积液量,但该研究没有包括其他临床结局,例如疼痛或功能。[134]Elsaman AM, Radwan AR, Mohammed WI, et al. Low-dose spironolactone: treatment for osteoarthritis-related knee effusion. a prospective clinical and sonographic-based study. J Rheumatol. 2016;43:1114-1120.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27036390?tool=bestpractice.com 另一项比较螺内酯与安慰剂的随机双盲对照临床试验发现,螺内酯在改善疼痛、躯体功能或与膝关节骨关节炎相关的生活质量方面无疗效。[135]Mcmurdo ME, Sumukadas D, Donnan PT, et al. Spironolactone for people age 70 years and older with osteoarthritic knee pain: a proof-of-concept trial. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2016;68:716-721.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4855683/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26413749?tool=bestpractice.com
酮咯酸
一项小型研究(35 例受试者)显示,关节内给予酮咯酸对疼痛的缓解与注射皮质类固醇相似。然而,研究样本量很可能太小,无法检测到有临床意义的差异。[136]Bellamy JL, Goff BJ, Sayeed SA. Spironolactone for people age 70 years and older with osteoarthritic knee pain: a proof-of-concept trial. J Arthroplasty. 2016;31(suppl):S293-S297.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27402605?tool=bestpractice.com