呼吸暂停低通气指数 (AHI) 或呼吸事件指数 (REI)[1]American Academy of Sleep Medicine. ICSD-2 international classification of sleep disorders, 2nd ed: diagnostic and coding manual. Westchester, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2005.
如果 AHI 或 REI≥15 次/小时,并且似乎没有其他潜在的睡眠、内科或神经系统疾病,或者症状不是由药物使用引起,则可诊断为 OSA。[1]American Academy of Sleep Medicine. ICSD-2 international classification of sleep disorders, 2nd ed: diagnostic and coding manual. Westchester, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2005.AHI 是每小时呼吸暂停和低通气次数的总和,而 REI 是指在无睡眠分期的无人值守式家庭睡眠检测中,每小时呼吸暂停和低通气次数的总和。
症状和 AHI 或 REI(美国睡眠医学会)[1]American Academy of Sleep Medicine. ICSD-2 international classification of sleep disorders, 2nd ed: diagnostic and coding manual. Westchester, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2005.
若符合以下情况,则可诊断 OSA:如果 AHI 或 REI≥5 次/小时,并且所有呼吸事件期间均存在呼吸努力的证据;其他睡眠、内科或神经系统疾病或药物使用不能更好地解释诊断;并且至少存在以下其中一项:[1]American Academy of Sleep Medicine. ICSD-2 international classification of sleep disorders, 2nd ed: diagnostic and coding manual. Westchester, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2005.
症状和 AHI 或呼吸窘迫指数 (RDI)(美国医疗照顾保险标准)[54]Medicare. Coverage issues manual 10-15-2008: transmittal 96. http://www.cms.gov (last accessed 13 April 2017).http://www.cms.gov/transmittals/downloads/R96NCD.pdf
在美国,根据美国医疗照顾保险 (Medicare) 标准,可通过以下各项诊断 OSA:AHI 或 RDI(与 REI 相同)≥15 次/小时,检查中至少有 30 次呼吸事件;或者 AHI 或 RDI≥5 次/小时,检查中至少有 10 次呼吸事件,并存在下列共病之一:高血压、缺血性心脏病、卒中病史、白天过度困倦、失眠、情感障碍或认知功能障碍。[54]Medicare. Coverage issues manual 10-15-2008: transmittal 96. http://www.cms.gov (last accessed 13 April 2017).http://www.cms.gov/transmittals/downloads/R96NCD.pdf家庭检查中应用RDI术语[54]Medicare. Coverage issues manual 10-15-2008: transmittal 96. http://www.cms.gov (last accessed 13 April 2017).http://www.cms.gov/transmittals/downloads/R96NCD.pdf
严重程度
根据共识,成人OSA按照AHI程度和白天嗜睡程度分为不同严重程度:[78]American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Sleep-related breathing disorders in adults: recommendations for syndrome definition and measurement techniques in clinical research. The Report of an American Academy of Sleep Medicine Task Force. Sleep. 1999;22:667-689.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10450601?tool=bestpractice.com
在几乎不需要集中注意力的活动时出现嗜睡定义为轻度,
在需要一定的注意力的活动(如开会)时出现嗜睡定义为中度,
在非常需要注意力的活动(如开车、进食)时仍出现嗜睡定义为重度。
AHI的分级方法如下:轻度 AHI 5-15次/小时,中度 AHI 15-30次/小时,重度 AHI 超过30次/小时。采用2种评估体系中严重程度高的级别作为总体严重程度级别。关于 AHI 的下限和轻度 AHI 的意义,尚存在争议。[79]Brown LK. Mild obstructive sleep apnea syndrome should be treated. Pro. J Clin Sleep Med. 2007;3:259-262.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2564769http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17561591?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Littner MR. Mild obstructive sleep apnea syndrome should not be treated. J Clin Sleep Med. 2007;3:263-264.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2564770http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17561592?tool=bestpractice.com流行病学数据表明AHI在1-5之间,高血压危险增高,故AHI下限设置为5即表明存在问题。[23]Nieto FJ, Young TB, Lind BK, et al. Association of sleep-disordered breathing, sleep apnea, and hypertension in a large community-based study. Sleep Heart Health Study. JAMA. 2000;283:1829-1836 (erratum in: JAMA. 2002;288:1985).http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/283/14/1829http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10770144?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Shahar E, Whitney CW, Redline S, et al. Sleep-disordered breathing and cardiovascular disease: cross-sectional results of the Sleep Heart Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:19-25.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/ajrccm.163.1.2001008#.UtPOqtJdUREhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11208620?tool=bestpractice.com关于AHI临床重要性,在AHI﹥30次/小时或呼吸暂停指数﹥20次/小时人群,猝死和心脑血管并发症增加,在AHI很高的患者中有些预防并发症的干预研究数据。[82]Marin JM, Agusti A, Villar I, et al. Association between treated and untreated
obstructive sleep apnea and risk of hypertension. JAMA. 2012;307:2169-2176.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1167315http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22618924?tool=bestpractice.com在相对轻的患者中数据极少。[83]Campos-Rodriguez F, Martinez-Garcia MA, de la Cruz-Moron I, et al. Cardiovascular mortality in women with obstructive sleep apnea with or without continuous positive airway pressure treatment: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2012;156:115-122.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22250142?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Marin JM, Carrizo SJ, Vicente E, et al. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in men with obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea with or without treatment with continuous positive airway pressure: an observational study. Lancet. 2005;365:1046-1053.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15781100?tool=bestpractice.com[84]He J, Kryger MH, Zorick FJ, et al. Mortality and apnea index in obstructive sleep apnea. Experience in 385 male patients. Chest. 1988;94:9-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3289839?tool=bestpractice.com[85]Parra O, Arboix A, Montserrat JM, et al. Sleep-related breathing disorders: impact on mortality of cerebrovascular disease. Eur Respir J. 2004;24:267-262.http://erj.ersjournals.com/cgi/content/full/24/2/267http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15332396?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Marshall NS, Wong KK, Liu PY, et al. Sleep apnea as an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality: the Busselton Health Study. Sleep. 2008;31:1079-1085.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2542953/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18714779?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Young T, Finn L, Peppard PE, et al. Sleep disordered breathing and mortality: eighteen-year follow-up of the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort. Sleep. 2008;31:1071-1078.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2542952/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18714778?tool=bestpractice.com[88]Chowdhuri S, Quan SF, Almeida F, et al; ATS Ad Hoc Committee on Mild Obstructive Sleep Apnea. An official American Thoracic Society Research statement: impact of mild obstructive sleep apnea in adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;193:e37-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27128710?tool=bestpractice.comAHI在轻、中度患者不是一个评估OSA负担的好指标,所以嗜睡和合并症标准和该分级标准不匹配。[1]American Academy of Sleep Medicine. ICSD-2 international classification of sleep disorders, 2nd ed: diagnostic and coding manual. Westchester, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2005.[89]Weaver EM, Woodson BT, Steward DL. Polysomnography indexes are discordant with quality of life, symptoms, and reaction times in sleep apnea patients. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005;132:255-262.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15692538?tool=bestpractice.com流行病学上RDI(包含RERAs)的重要性还不清楚。
Epworth嗜睡量表(ESS)[90]Johns MW. A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Sleep. 1991;14:540-545.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1798888?tool=bestpractice.com
ESS是评估在不同场景下(包括坐着阅读、看电视、公共场所坐着不活动和坐着聊天)嗜睡的调查问卷:[90]Johns MW. A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Sleep. 1991;14:540-545.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1798888?tool=bestpractice.comEpworth Sleepiness Scale
9到10分是嗜睡的阈值(0-8分正常、9-12分轻度、13-16分中度、16分以上严重)。
10分以上区别正常和病理性白天嗜睡的敏感度93.5%,特异度100%。
没有去除年龄、睡眠剥夺和药物使用情况的干扰。
性别、心理因素、个体对困乏、无力等的理解对评分有影响。
ESS评分和客观嗜睡测试结果并不总是吻合。