治疗的目的是改善生活质量、减少病死率和发病率、缓解症状和体征,次要目标是把AHI降至正常,控制高血压、控制高血糖。次要目标是把AHI降至正常,控制高血压、控制高血糖。根据病情严重程度选择治疗方法。现有的一般治疗包括减肥、体位治疗、莫达非尼和阿莫达非尼治疗残存嗜睡、睡眠卫生教育。
持续气道正压(CPAP)
CPAP是OSA的一线治疗方法,也是重度OSA(AHI>30次/小时)的首选方案。其作用机制是增加气道内正压使上气道扩张(气体夹板),减少了咽部的闭合。治疗压力应按照美国睡眠医学学院实践指南在睡眠实验室调整。[94]Kushida CA, Littner MR, Hirshkowitz M, et al; American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Practice parameters for the use of continuous and bilevel positive airway pressure devices to treat adult patients with sleep-related breathing disorders. Sleep. 2006;29:375-380.http://www.journalsleep.org/Articles/290314.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16553024?tool=bestpractice.com技师逐渐增高压力消除包括平卧位和REM期睡眠的呼吸暂停、呼吸浅慢和呼吸动作相关觉醒。家庭的自动调整是实验室CPAP调整的备选。[57]Kuna ST, Gurubhagavatula I, Maislin G, et al. Noninferiority of
functional outcome in ambulatory management of obstructive sleep apnea. Am J
Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:1238-1244.http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/content/183/9/1238.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21471093?tool=bestpractice.com[95]Gao W, Jin Y, Wang Y, et al. Is automatic CPAP titration as effective as manual CPAP titration in OSAHS patients? A meta-analysis. Sleep Breath. 2012;16:329-340.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21347649?tool=bestpractice.com自动调整的缺点是没有睡眠技术人员在场,他们能够在睡眠期间更换不同的接口和解决问题。患者的准备、教育和挑选面罩、在家中适应新的生活方式对提高患者长期和短期接受度有重要作用。
CPAP可改善生存时间严重OSA患者的5年生存率:中等质量证据表明与CPAP依从性差的患者相比,依从性高的患者5年生存率从80%-85.5%提高到96.4%-97%。[87]Young T, Finn L, Peppard PE, et al. Sleep disordered breathing and mortality: eighteen-year follow-up of the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort. Sleep. 2008;31:1071-1078.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2542952/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18714778?tool=bestpractice.com[96]Marti S, Sampol G, Munoz X, et al. Mortality in severe sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome patients: impact of treatment. Eur Respir J. 2002;20:1511-1518.http://erj.ersjournals.com/cgi/content/full/20/6/1511http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12503712?tool=bestpractice.com[97]Campos-Rodriguez F, Pena-Grinan N, Reyes-Nunez N, et al. Mortality in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea patients treated with positive airway pressure. Chest. 2005;128:624-633.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16100147?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。和过度嗜睡,也可能改善情绪和认知功能。[52]Bucks RS, Olaithe M, Eastwood P. Neurocognitive function in obstructive sleep apnoea: a meta-review. Respirology. 2013;18:61-70.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22913604?tool=bestpractice.com[98]Sánchez AI, Martínez P, Miró E, et al. CPAP and behavioral therapies in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: effects on daytime sleepiness, mood, and cognitive function. Sleep Med Rev. 2009;13:223-233.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19201228?tool=bestpractice.com[99]Peker Y, Hedner J, Norum J, et al. Increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in middle-aged men with obstructive sleep apnea: a 7-year follow-up. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166:159-165.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.2105124#.UtPPGdJdUREhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12119227?tool=bestpractice.com[100]Peker Y, Carlson J, Hedner J. Increased incidence of coronary artery disease in sleep apnoea: a long-term follow-up. Eur Respir J. 2006;28:596-602.http://erj.ersjournals.com/cgi/content/full/28/3/596http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16641120?tool=bestpractice.com[101]Keenan SP, Burt H, Ryan CF, et al. Long-term survival of patients with obstructive sleep apnea treated by uvulopalatopharyngoplasty or nasal CPAP. Chest. 1994;105:155-159.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8275724?tool=bestpractice.com[102]McDaid C, Durée KH, Griffin SC, et al. A systematic review of continuous positive airway pressure for obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea syndrome. Sleep Med Rev. 2009;13:427-436.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19362029?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Kushida CA, Nichols DA, Holmes TH, et al. Effects of continuous positive airway pressure on neurocognitive function in obstructive sleep apnea patients: the Apnea Positive Pressure Long-term Efficacy Study (APPLES). Sleep. 2012;35:1593-1602.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23204602?tool=bestpractice.com[104]Martínez-García MÁ, Chiner E, Hernández L, et al; Spanish Sleep Network. Obstructive sleep apnoea in the elderly: role of continuous positive airway pressure treatment. Eur Respir J. 2015;46:142-151.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26022945?tool=bestpractice.com[105]McMillan A, Bratton DJ, Faria R, et al. A multicentre randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of continuous positive airway pressure for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome in older people: PREDICT. Health Technol Assess. 2015;19:1-188.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK299281/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26063688?tool=bestpractice.com[106]Povitz M, Bolo CE, Heitman SJ, et al. Effect of treatment of obstructive sleep apnea on depressive symptoms: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2014;11:e1001762.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4244041/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25423175?tool=bestpractice.com[107]Dalmases M, Solé-Padullés C, Torres M, et al. Effect of CPAP on cognition, brain function, and structure among elderly patients with OSA: a randomized pilot study. Chest. 2015;148:1214-1223.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26065720?tool=bestpractice.com减少机动车车祸的风险;[108]Antonopoulos CN, Sergentanis TN, Daskalopoulou SS, et al. Nasal
continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) treatment for obstructive sleep
apnea, road traffic accidents and driving simulator performance: a meta-analysis.
Sleep Med Rev. 2011;15:301-310.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21195643?tool=bestpractice.com使用 CPAP 可能导致血压轻微下降约 2-3 mmHg。[109]Barbé F, Durán-Cantolla J, Capote F, et al. Long-term effect of continuous positive airway pressure in hypertensive patients with sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;181:718-726.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.200901-0050OC#.UtQF8NJdUREhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20007932?tool=bestpractice.com[110]Durán-Cantolla J, Aizpuru F, Martínez-Null C, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea and systemic hypertension. Sleep Med Rev. 2009;13:323-331.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19515590?tool=bestpractice.com[111]Montesi SB, Edwards BA, Malhotra A, et al. The effect of continuous positive airway pressure treatment on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Sleep Med. 2012;8:587-596.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3459209/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23066375?tool=bestpractice.com[112]Martínez-García MA, Capote F, Campos-Rodríguez F, et al. Effect of CPAP on blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and resistant hypertension: the HIPARCO randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013;310:2407-2415.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1788459http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24327037?tool=bestpractice.com[113]Bratton DJ, Stradling JR, Barbé F, et al. Effect of CPAP on blood pressure in patients with minimally symptomatic obstructive sleep apnoea: a meta-analysis using individual patient data from four randomised controlled trials. Thorax. 2014;69:1128-1135.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4251445/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24947425?tool=bestpractice.com[114]Bratton DJ, Gaisl T, Wons AM, Kohler M. CPAP vs mandibular advancement devices and blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2015;314:2280-2293.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2473494http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26624827?tool=bestpractice.com在不犯困的患者,使用CPAP治疗可能不会减少心血管疾病。[115]Barbé F, Durán-Cantolla J, Sánchez-de-la-Torre M, et al. Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on the incidence of hypertension and cardiovascular events in nonsleepy patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2012;307:2161-218.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1167316http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22618923?tool=bestpractice.com[116]Craig SE, Kohler M, Nicoll D, et al. Continuous positive airway pressure improves sleepiness but not calculated vascular risk in patients with minimally symptomatic obstructive sleep apnoea: the MOSAIC randomised controlled trial. Thorax. 2012;67:1090-1096.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23111478?tool=bestpractice.com[117]McEvoy RD, Antic NA, Heeley E, et al; SAVE Investigators and Coordinators. CPAP for prevention of cardiovascular events in obstructive sleep apnea. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:919-931.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1606599http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27571048?tool=bestpractice.com有一些证据表明,使用 CPAP 可能降低 OSA 患者出现心房颤动复发的风险,特别是在年轻、肥胖的男性患者中。[118]Qureshi WT, Nasir UB, Alqalyoobi S, et al. Meta-analysis of continuous positive airway pressure as a therapy of atrial fibrillation in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Cardiol. 2015;116:1767-1773.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26482182?tool=bestpractice.com使用 CPAP 不会导致体重下降。[119]Drager LF, Brunoni AR, Jenner R, et al. Effects of CPAP on body weight in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Thorax. 2015;70:258-264.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25432944?tool=bestpractice.com有一些证据表明,使用 CPAP 几个月可以改善 2 型糖尿病控制次佳的 OSA 患者的血糖控制和胰岛素抵抗情况。[120]Martínez-Cerón E, Barquiel B, Bezos AM, et al. Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on glycemic control in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and type 2 diabetes. A randomized clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;194:476-485.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26910598?tool=bestpractice.com
对轻度(AHI在5-15次/小时)和中度(AHI在15-30次/小时)OSA治疗益处的证据不一致。[94]Kushida CA, Littner MR, Hirshkowitz M, et al; American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Practice parameters for the use of continuous and bilevel positive airway pressure devices to treat adult patients with sleep-related breathing disorders. Sleep. 2006;29:375-380.http://www.journalsleep.org/Articles/290314.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16553024?tool=bestpractice.com[121]Weaver TE, Mancini C, Maislin G, et al. Continuous positive airway pressure treatment of sleepy patients with milder obstructive sleep apnea: results of the CPAP Apnea Trial North American Program (CATNAP) randomized clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;186:677-683.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3480519/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22837377?tool=bestpractice.com认知表现、抑郁、活力的改善:低质量的证据表明,与保守治疗、假CPAP、安慰剂相比,经鼻罩CPAP能改善非重度OSA患者的认知表现、抑郁、活力。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。然而CPAP依然是这些患者的一线治疗(口腔矫治器)。该类患者使用CPAP治疗的依从性通常较低。有证据显示仅有46%的患者在71%的研究夜晚使用CPAP呼吸机治疗的时间超过4小时。[122]Kribbs NB, Pack AI, Kline LR, et al. Objective measurement of patterns of nasal CPAP use by patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993;147:887-895.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8466125?tool=bestpractice.comCPAP 的依从性和临床获益可因为幽闭恐怖症、鼻炎、技术问题、压力不耐受和社会对该装置不接受等原因受到影响。在美国,美国医疗照顾保险要求评估患者CPAP治疗最初12周的依从性,其报销标准是每周至少5-7晚使用CPAP治疗时间大于等于4小时,并且有临床获益。[54]Medicare. Coverage issues manual 10-15-2008: transmittal 96. http://www.cms.gov (last accessed 13 April 2017).http://www.cms.gov/transmittals/downloads/R96NCD.pdf
为了提高CPAP依从性,可以尝试很多方法:[123]Sawyer AM, Gooneratne NS, Marcus CL, et al. A systematic review of CPAP adherence across age groups: clinical and empiric insights for developing CPAP adherence interventions. Sleep Med Rev. 2011;15:343-356.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21652236?tool=bestpractice.com
可改用autoPAP或BiPAP改变治疗压力,但目前尚缺乏证据支持这种改变的有效性和/或临床意义。[124]Ip S, D'Ambrosio C, Patel K, et al. Auto-titrating versus fixed continuous positive airway pressure for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review with meta-analyses. Syst Rev. 2012;1:20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3351715/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22587875?tool=bestpractice.com改善CPAP依从性:高质量证据表明应用autoPAP可改善患者的依从性,尽管每晚只增加使用时间0.21小时,而双水平气道正压通气好像并没有增加使用时间。[125]Smith I, Lasserson TJ. Pressure modification for improving usage of continuous positive airway pressure machines in adults with obstructive sleep apnoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(4):CD003531.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19821310?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。相对于 CPAP,患者接受并且更愿意使用 autoPAP 或 BiPAP。[125]Smith I, Lasserson TJ. Pressure modification for improving usage of continuous positive airway pressure machines in adults with obstructive sleep apnoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(4):CD003531.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19821310?tool=bestpractice.com虽然临床研究对加热湿化器改善CPAP依从性的效果尚未得到一致结论,治疗时仍可尝试使用该方法。现有的临床研究也未发现呼气压力释放(如C-flex)模式对依从性的改善。[126]Bakker JP, Marshall NS. Flexible pressure delivery modification of continuous
positive airway pressure for obstructive sleep apnea does not improve compliance
with therapy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Chest. 2011;139:1322-1330.http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1087955http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21193533?tool=bestpractice.com需要开展更多的临床研究以探索这些措施是否对特定类型的患者有效。
人机接口(面罩、鼻罩)的舒适性可能影响CPAP的依从性和接受度,因而选择恰当的人机接口很重要。人机接口的选择要尊重患者的喜好。对于明显张口呼吸的患者,可选择口鼻面罩,因为张口呼吸导致 CPAP 系统漏气,从而会降低依从性。[127]Bachour A, Maasilta P. Mouth breathing compromises adherence to nasal continuous positive airway pressure therapy. Chest. 2004;126:1248-1254.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15486389?tool=bestpractice.com下颌托带可能减少经口漏气。[128]Bachour A, Hurmerinta K, Maasilta P. Mouth closing device (chinstrap) reduces mouth leak during nasal CPAP. Sleep Med. 2004;5:261-267.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15165532?tool=bestpractice.com
鼻腔阻力和不接受CPAP相关,[129]Nakata S, Noda A, Yagi H, et al. Nasal resistance for determinant factor of nasal surgery in CPAP failure patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Rhinology. 2005;43:296-299.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16405275?tool=bestpractice.com鼻部手术能降低鼻腔阻力,可能提高CPAP依从性。[130]Sugiura T, Noda A, Nakata S, et al. Influence of nasal resistance on initial acceptance of continuous positive airway pressure in treatment for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Respiration. 2007;74:56-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16299414?tool=bestpractice.com[131]Friedman M, Tanyeri H, Lim JW, et al. Effect of improved nasal breathing on obstructive sleep apnea. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000;122:71-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10629486?tool=bestpractice.com
使用鼻喷激素可改善鼻炎或鼻甲肥大患者的治疗依从性。[132]Morgenthaler TI, Kapen S, Lee-Chiong T, et al. Standards of Practice Committee; American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Practice parameters for the medical therapy of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep. 2006;29:1031-1035.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16944671?tool=bestpractice.com
非苯二氮卓类镇静药,如佐匹克隆,可改善某些患者CPAP治疗的依从性。[133]Lettieri CJ, Quast TN, Eliasson AH, et al. Eszopiclone improves overnight polysomnography and continuous positive airway pressure titration: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Sleep. 2008;31:1310-1316.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2542971/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18788656?tool=bestpractice.com
患者支持、教育和行为干预,比如认知行为治疗能改善依从性。[134]Wozniak DR, Lasserson TJ, Smith I. Educational, supportive and behavioural interventions to improve usage of continuous positive airway pressure machines in adults with obstructive sleep apnoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(1):CD007736.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007736.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24399660?tool=bestpractice.com对幽闭恐怖症,根据患者的感受选择人机接口,逐渐适应人机接口可能增加依从性。
现代的CPAP机器记录的数据可用于解决呼吸机故障、评估过度漏气和仍存在的气道阻塞,查看这些数据可以改进CPAP的使用依从性。
CPAP治疗的并发症包括睡眠受打扰、鼻炎、皮炎、结膜炎、癔球症、呼吸困难和颌面改变。[94]Kushida CA, Littner MR, Hirshkowitz M, et al; American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Practice parameters for the use of continuous and bilevel positive airway pressure devices to treat adult patients with sleep-related breathing disorders. Sleep. 2006;29:375-380.http://www.journalsleep.org/Articles/290314.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16553024?tool=bestpractice.com[135]Tsuda H, Almeida FR, Tsuda T, et al. Craniofacial changes after 2 years of nasal continuous positive airway pressure use in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Chest. 2010;138:870-874.http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1086687http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20616213?tool=bestpractice.com
如果不能坚持使用CPAP或CPAP治疗改善不充分,可考虑口腔矫治器、手术或舌下神经刺激。
口腔矫治器
对于相对于 CPAP 更愿意接受口腔矫治器或不能耐受 CPAP 的轻中度 OSA 患者,非重度OSA患者白天嗜睡改善:低质量证据表明前移下颌的口腔矫治器与不前移下颌的口腔矫治器相比,能改善非重度OSA患者的白天过度嗜睡。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。按照美国睡眠医学会的实践参数,推荐采用口腔矫治器进行初始治疗。[136]Ramar K, Dort LC, Katz SG, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea and snoring with oral appliance therapy: an update for 2015. J Clin Sleep Med. 2015;11:773-827.http://www.aasmnet.org/Resources/clinicalguidelines/Oral_appliance-OSA.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26094920?tool=bestpractice.com口腔矫治器可以作为不能耐受CPAP的严重OSA患者的二线治疗。重度OSA患者白天嗜睡改善:低质量证据表明前移下颌的口腔矫治器与不前移下颌的口腔矫治器相比,能改善重度OSA患者的白天过度嗜睡。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。CPAP降低AHI的效果优于口腔矫治器,但在症状和生活质量改善方面与口腔矫治器效果相同。[106]Povitz M, Bolo CE, Heitman SJ, et al. Effect of treatment of obstructive sleep apnea on depressive symptoms: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2014;11:e1001762.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4244041/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25423175?tool=bestpractice.com[137]Ferguson KA, Cartwright R, Rogers R, et al. Oral appliances for snoring and obstructive sleep apnea: a review. Sleep. 2006;29:244-262.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16494093?tool=bestpractice.com[138]Doff MH, Hoekema A, Wijkstra PJ, et al. Oral appliance versus continuous positive airway pressure in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a 2-year follow-up. Sleep. 2013;36:1289-1296.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23997361?tool=bestpractice.com不同严重程度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停呼吸浅慢综合征(OSAHS)患者睡眠呼吸障碍和生活质量改善:低质量证据表明与CPAP相比,口腔矫治器改善睡眠呼吸障碍效果较差,但生活质量方面无这两种治疗的对比证据。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。口腔矫治器减少心血管致命事件的效果亦和CPAP相近。[139]Anandam A, Patil M, Akinnusi M, et al. Cardiovascular mortality in obstructive sleep apnoea treated with continuous positive airway pressure or oral appliance: an observational study. Respirology. 2013;18:1184-1190.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23731062?tool=bestpractice.comCPAP降低重度OSA患者的AHI更有效。[137]Ferguson KA, Cartwright R, Rogers R, et al. Oral appliances for snoring and obstructive sleep apnea: a review. Sleep. 2006;29:244-262.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16494093?tool=bestpractice.com[138]Doff MH, Hoekema A, Wijkstra PJ, et al. Oral appliance versus continuous positive airway pressure in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a 2-year follow-up. Sleep. 2013;36:1289-1296.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23997361?tool=bestpractice.com[140]Holley AB, Lettieri CJ, Shah AA. Efficacy of an adjustable oral appliance and
comparison with continuous positive airway pressure for the treatment of
obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Chest. 2011;140:1511-1516.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21636666?tool=bestpractice.com应行睡眠监测评估口腔矫治器的疗效,最好评估多个(2到3)装置前移位置。
下颌再定位装置(MRAs)降低AHI方面不如CPAP,但其耐受性可能会更好。[141]Randerath WJ, Heise M, Hinz R, et al. An individually adjustable oral appliance vs continuous positive airway pressure in mild-to-moderate obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Chest. 2002;122:569-575.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12171833?tool=bestpractice.com一组数据显示,53%的轻中度OSA患者采用口腔矫治器治疗后残余AHI≤10次/小时。年轻、低BMI、下颌前移度高(75%) 、颈细、AHI轻度增高和体位依赖性OSA更能从MRAs获益。[137]Ferguson KA, Cartwright R, Rogers R, et al. Oral appliances for snoring and obstructive sleep apnea: a review. Sleep. 2006;29:244-262.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16494093?tool=bestpractice.com无牙关紧闭、齿列或义齿足够稳定(适合持续佩戴口腔矫治器)以及具有动手能力,是使用口腔矫治器的前提。MRAs的机制包括舌头前移、咽侧壁扩张和气道壁紧张度增加。清醒状态下的纤维内镜检查可能有助于预测口腔矫治器治疗的反应。[77]Chan AS, Lee RW, Srinivasan VK, et al. Nasopharyngoscopic evaluation of oral appliance therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea. Eur Respir J. 2010;35:836-842.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19797130?tool=bestpractice.com药物诱导睡眠状态下的内镜检查 (DISE) 也可用于评估潜在的反应性。[72]Johal A, Hector MP, Battagel JM, et al. Impact of sleep nasendoscopy on the outcome of mandibular advancement splint therapy in subjects with sleep-related breathing disorders. J Laryngol Otol. 2007;121:668-675.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17201984?tool=bestpractice.com
舌头收纳装置是不能使用MRAs患者的二线选择,如巨舌。[137]Ferguson KA, Cartwright R, Rogers R, et al. Oral appliances for snoring and obstructive sleep apnea: a review. Sleep. 2006;29:244-262.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16494093?tool=bestpractice.com其疗效和耐受性要差于MRAs。[142]Hoffstein V. Review of oral appliances for treatment of sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep Breath. 2007;11:1-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1794626/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17136406?tool=bestpractice.com
利用口腔矫治器表面的温度敏感传感器,现在能监测口腔矫治器治疗的依从性。[143]Vanderveken OM, Dieltjens M, Wouters K, et al. Objective measurement of compliance during oral appliance therapy for sleep-disordered breathing. Thorax. 2013;68:91-96.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3534260/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22993169?tool=bestpractice.com这种设备只有美国才有,可能是经济的原因,目前并不常规使用。
如果口腔矫治器依从性差,考虑:
如果不舒适,减少下颌前移的程度
排除装置匹配问题,保证对称性(牙尖吻合[咬合齿正对牙尖窝]),解决颞下颌关节问题,和/或从后面应用阻止器。
使用不同类型的装置:根据牙列弧度,位置和舒适性做出决定。
使用或再次使用CPAP:CPAP能更有效地减少AHI;推荐予中重度患者再次使用CPAP。
对不能耐受口腔矫治器或CPAP的患者考虑进行上气道手术。
口腔矫治器的并发症有口干、牙齿不舒适、唾液过多、咬合改变、牙齿松动、下巴疼痛和治疗失败。
上气道手术
在CPAP或口腔矫治器不接受、失败或不耐受的成人患者可考虑上气道手术。对于气道有离散的解剖结构病变的患者也可是首选的治疗。上颚手术疗效:以循证医学综述形式发表的中等质量证据表明上颚手术结合不同的咽下手术使得AHI下降达35%到62%。[144]Kezirian EJ, Goldberg AN. Hypopharyngeal surgery in obstructive sleep apnea: an evidence-based medicine review. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;132:206-213.http://archotol.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/132/2/206http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16490881?tool=bestpractice.com另一个综述表明关于上气道手术降低成人OSA的AHI达66.4%。[145]Lin HC, Friedman M, Chang HW, et al. The efficacy of multilevel surgery of the upper airway in adults with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. Laryngoscope. 2008;118:902-908.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18300704?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。离散的解剖结构病变指确定的如上腭、舌扁桃体解剖结构病变。这些疾病的治疗简单明了,可能对于OSA的治疗也有效。通过上气道(咽部)手术扩大或稳定咽部,具有不依赖于依从性的优点。
口咽手术包括悬雍垂腭咽成形术、7年生存率:中等质量证据表明接受悬雍垂腭咽成形术的患者比未经治疗的患者生存率要好。[96]Marti S, Sampol G, Munoz X, et al. Mortality in severe sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome patients: impact of treatment. Eur Respir J. 2002;20:1511-1518.http://erj.ersjournals.com/cgi/content/full/20/6/1511http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12503712?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。扁桃体切除术、咽侧壁成形术、联合软腭前移术、扩展括约肌咽造形术、上下颌前移术(maxillomandibular advancement, MMA)。[146]Cahali MB, Formigoni GG, Gebrim EM, et al. Lateral pharyngoplasty versus uvulopalatopharyngoplasty: a clinical, polysomnographic and computed tomography measurement comparison. Sleep. 2004;27:942-950.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15453553?tool=bestpractice.com[147]Woodson BT, Robinson S, Lim HJ. Transpalatal advancement pharyngoplasty outcomes compared with uvulopalatopharygoplasty. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005;133:211-217.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16087017?tool=bestpractice.com[148]Pang KP, Woodson BT. Expansion sphincter pharyngoplasty: a new technique for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;137:110-114.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17599576?tool=bestpractice.com咽下途径包括颏舌肌前移术、舌骨悬吊术、舌根部分切除、舌根固定术、会厌成形术和上下颌前移术。多个手术可以同时或分期进行。[149]Riley RW, Powell NB, Guilleminault C. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a review of 306 consecutively treated surgical patients. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1993;108:117-125.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8441535?tool=bestpractice.com
术前评估包括改良Malampati法评估舌在休息位与腭的位置关系。此外,清醒状态下的纤维内镜检查可用于排除鼻息肉或肿瘤,并评估引起阻塞的结构和部位。术前还可行药物诱导睡眠状态下的内镜检查(DISE)确定治疗部位。
对于出现多个解剖部位阻塞的患者,可行腭和下咽联合手术和/或上下颌前移术 (MMA)。手术方法的选择与阻塞部位和结构、患者的意愿有关,一般地,手术方法和AHI程度无关。[150]Li HY, Wang PC, Lee LA, et al. Prediction of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty outcome: anatomy-based staging system versus severity-based staging system. Sleep. 2006;29:1537-1541.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17252884?tool=bestpractice.com[151]Senior BA, Rosenthal L, Lumley A, et al. Efficacy of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty in unselected patients with mild obstructive sleep apnea. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000;123:179-182.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10964287?tool=bestpractice.com[152]Friedman M, Vidyasagar R, Bliznikas D, et al. Does severity of obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome predict uvulopalatopharyngoplasty outcome? Laryngoscope. 2005;115:2109-2113.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16369152?tool=bestpractice.com作为备选,上气道阻塞可以行气管切开术。
OSA手术改善生活质量、OSA症状和体征、减少病死率。[99]Peker Y, Hedner J, Norum J, et al. Increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in middle-aged men with obstructive sleep apnea: a 7-year follow-up. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166:159-165.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.2105124#.UtPPGdJdUREhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12119227?tool=bestpractice.com[100]Peker Y, Carlson J, Hedner J. Increased incidence of coronary artery disease in sleep apnoea: a long-term follow-up. Eur Respir J. 2006;28:596-602.http://erj.ersjournals.com/cgi/content/full/28/3/596http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16641120?tool=bestpractice.com[101]Keenan SP, Burt H, Ryan CF, et al. Long-term survival of patients with obstructive sleep apnea treated by uvulopalatopharyngoplasty or nasal CPAP. Chest. 1994;105:155-159.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8275724?tool=bestpractice.com[96]Marti S, Sampol G, Munoz X, et al. Mortality in severe sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome patients: impact of treatment. Eur Respir J. 2002;20:1511-1518.http://erj.ersjournals.com/cgi/content/full/20/6/1511http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12503712?tool=bestpractice.com[153]Haraldsson PO, Carenfelt C, Lysdahl M, et al. Does uvulopalatopharyngoplasty inhibit automobile accidents? Laryngoscope. 1995;105:657-661.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7769954?tool=bestpractice.com[154]Weaver EM, Maynard C, Yueh B. Survival of veterans with sleep apnea: continuous positive airway pressure versus surgery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;130:659-665 (erratum in: Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;131:144).http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15195049?tool=bestpractice.com[155]Woodson BT, Steward DL, Weaver EM, et al. A randomized trial of temperature-controlled radiofrequency, continuous positive airway pressure, and placebo for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003;128:848-861.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12825037?tool=bestpractice.com[156]Browaldh N, Bring J, Friberg D. SKUP(3) RCT; continuous study: changes in sleepiness and quality of life after modified UPPP. Laryngoscope. 2016;126:1484-1491.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26404729?tool=bestpractice.com[157]Ishman SL, Benke JR, Cohen AP, et al. Does surgery for obstructive sleep apnea improve depression and sleepiness? Laryngoscope. 2014;124:2829-2836.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24764127?tool=bestpractice.com对大多数患者,手术减少AHI,但不能将AHI恢复正常。[145]Lin HC, Friedman M, Chang HW, et al. The efficacy of multilevel surgery of the upper airway in adults with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. Laryngoscope. 2008;118:902-908.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18300704?tool=bestpractice.com[158]Elshaug AG, Moss JR, Southcott AM, et al. Redefining success in airway surgery for obstructive sleep apnea: a meta analysis and synthesis of the evidence. Sleep. 2007;30:461-467.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17520790?tool=bestpractice.com[159]Aurora RN, Casey KR, Kristo D, et al. Practice parameters for the surgical modifications of the upper airway for obstructive sleep apnea in adults. Sleep. 2010;33:1408-1413.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21061864?tool=bestpractice.com[160]Caples SM, Rowley JA, Prinsell JR, et al. Surgical modifications of the upper airway for obstructive sleep apnea in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep. 2010;33:1396-1407.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21061863?tool=bestpractice.com[161]Browaldh N, Nerfeldt P, Lysdahl M, et al. SKUP3 randomised controlled trial: polysomnographic results after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty in selected patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. Thorax. 2013;68:846-853.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23644225?tool=bestpractice.com因此最适合于CPAP或口腔矫治器依从性不佳的患者,除非存在手术能有效治疗的离散的解剖病变(如年青成人扁桃腺增生),MMA非常有效降低AHI,改善生活质量,但却导致很多神经感觉障碍和并发症。[162]Holty JE, Guilleminault C. Maxillomandibular advancement for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2010;14:287-297.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20189852?tool=bestpractice.com鼻手术改善生活质量和OSA嗜睡,但只能减少少数人的AHI(大约17%)。[163]Li HY, Wang PC, Chen YP, et al. Critical appraisal and meta-analysis of nasal surgery for obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2011;25:45-49.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21711978?tool=bestpractice.com[164]Ishii L, Roxbury C, Godoy A, et al. Does nasal surgery improve OSA in patients with nasal obstruction and OSA? A meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2015;15:326-333.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26183522?tool=bestpractice.com
OSA 手术的并发症包括气道阻塞、出血、血肿、感染、疼痛、吞咽困难、腭咽闭合不全、构音障碍、喉干、咽部狭窄、AHI 加重、死亡(非常罕见),如果进行骨骼手术,还可能包括齿列丧失、骨折、感觉异常、牙咬合不正和瘘管形成。
手术后持续的OSA
选择包括进行另外的外科手术解除残余结构导致的阻塞,或者再次试用CPAP或采用口腔矫治器。患者的意愿决定选择何种治疗。
舌下神经刺激
可植入舌下神经刺激系统已经被美国联邦食品药品管理局(FDA)批准。[74]Strollo PJ Jr, Soose RJ, Maurer JT, et al. Upper-airway stimulation for obstructive sleep apnea. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:139-49.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24401051?tool=bestpractice.com这一系统包括一个可植入脉冲发生器,该发生器通过一个植入同侧的cuff电极可以刺激舌下神经中支,刺激是时相性,根据在胸壁植入传感器获取呼吸信号而发放刺激冲动。该治疗因此不需要患者佩戴任何面部或口内装置,用遥控即可激活。这个方法用于AHI大于20且不接受或不耐受CPAP的患者。OSA患者睡眠呼吸障碍和生活质量改善:低质量证据表明可植入性舌下神经刺激系统可以改善患者主观和客观的OSA严重程度评分。[74]Strollo PJ Jr, Soose RJ, Maurer JT, et al. Upper-airway stimulation for obstructive sleep apnea. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:139-49.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24401051?tool=bestpractice.com这项前瞻性、非随机研究纳入126例患者,患者BMI<32,在行药物诱导睡眠状态下的内镜检查时无同心性软腭后气道塌陷,经过12月干预后,平均AHI评分从29.3/小时下降到9.0/小时,下降了68%,生活质量评分也改善到了有临床意义的程度。[74]Strollo PJ Jr, Soose RJ, Maurer JT, et al. Upper-airway stimulation for obstructive sleep apnea. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:139-49.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24401051?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。这种新治疗方法需要进一步研究合适的患者人群和刺激的参数。另一种可植入的舌下神经刺激系统不需要呼吸传感器,而是通过多个接触点对舌下神经进行选择性、周期性、近似紧张性的刺激 (tonic stimulation)。该系统具有 CE 标志,并且正处于关键的 FDA 测试阶段。[165]ClinicalTrials.gov. Targeted hypoglossal neurostimulation study #3 (THN3). ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02263859. https://clinicaltrials.gov (last accessed 13 April 2017).https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02263859
目前不能解释的白天过度嗜睡
对于经过治疗的、仍存在无法解释的过度嗜睡的OSA,莫达非尼或阿莫达非尼缓解过度嗜睡有一定作用。[132]Morgenthaler TI, Kapen S, Lee-Chiong T, et al. Standards of Practice Committee; American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Practice parameters for the medical therapy of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep. 2006;29:1031-1035.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16944671?tool=bestpractice.com[166]Roth T, Rippon GA, Arora S. Armodafinil improves wakefulness and long-term episodic memory in nCPAP-adherent patients with excessive sleepiness associated with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath. 2008;12:53-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2194800/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17874255?tool=bestpractice.com治疗的并发症包括头痛、失眠、神经质和鼻炎。莫达非尼或阿莫达非尼可以考虑和CPAP联合使用缓解过度嗜睡。
并存的肥胖
对于超重、肥胖的OSA,减肥是CPAP、口腔矫治器或手术治疗的辅助治疗。[132]Morgenthaler TI, Kapen S, Lee-Chiong T, et al. Standards of Practice Committee; American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Practice parameters for the medical therapy of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep. 2006;29:1031-1035.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16944671?tool=bestpractice.com在一项观察性、前瞻性研究中轻度患者的体重下降10%,AHI随之降低26%。[31]Peppard PE, Young T, Palta M, et al. Longitudinal study of moderate weight change and sleep-disordered breathing. JAMA. 2000;284:3015-3021.http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/284/23/3015http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11122588?tool=bestpractice.com研究发现严重的OSA患者采用干预性低热量饮食,体重下降9%-17%,AHI下降47%-60%。然而,随着体重增加,AHI改善程度随之减少。推荐患者维持低体重。[167]Smith PL, Gold AR, Meyers DA, et al. Weight loss in mildly to moderately obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Ann Intern Med. 1985;103:850-855.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3933396?tool=bestpractice.com[168]Schwartz AR, Gold AR, Schubert N, et al. Effect of weight loss on upper airway collapsibility in obstructive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991;144:494-498.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1892285?tool=bestpractice.com病态肥胖(BMI>40kg/m^2)或BMI低一些但有合并症的患者,可考虑胃减容手术。它可减少AHI、降低心肺疾病严重程度。[132]Morgenthaler TI, Kapen S, Lee-Chiong T, et al. Standards of Practice Committee; American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Practice parameters for the medical therapy of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep. 2006;29:1031-1035.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16944671?tool=bestpractice.com[169]Valencia-Flores M, Orea A, Herrera M, et al. Effect of bariatric surgery on obstructive sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome, electrocardiogram, and pulmonary arterial pressure. Obes Surg. 2004;14:755-762.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15318977?tool=bestpractice.com不过,有些患者即使体重没有增加OSA也会复发。[170]Pillar G, Peled R, Lavie P. Recurrence of sleep apnea without concomitant weight increase 7.5 years after weight reduction surgery. Chest. 1994;106:1702-1704.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7988187?tool=bestpractice.com因此,所有的肥胖患者应该监测OSA症状和体征,如果怀疑OSA应该行PSG。还应注意即使体重下降很多,OSA也不能消除。[170]Pillar G, Peled R, Lavie P. Recurrence of sleep apnea without concomitant weight increase 7.5 years after weight reduction surgery. Chest. 1994;106:1702-1704.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7988187?tool=bestpractice.com[171]Greenburg DL, Lettieri CJ, Eliasson AH. Effects of surgical weight loss on measures of obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2009;122:535-542.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19486716?tool=bestpractice.com
在非平卧位AHI低的患者
非平卧位AHI低的患者推荐保持非平卧位睡眠的体位治疗,并且建议采用PSG证实其有效性。体位治疗在年轻的、低BMI的患者中更有效。体位治疗方法很多,包括侧卧、直立睡眠,或使用特殊枕头、衬衣,或其他避免仰卧睡眠的措施。体位治疗常见于个案报道或小规模的随机试验。长期治疗的依从性低。[172]Ravesloot MJ, van Maanen JP, Dun L, et al. The undervalued potential of positional therapy in position-dependent snoring and obstructive sleep apnea-a review of the literature. Sleep Breath. 2013;17:39-49.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3575552/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22441662?tool=bestpractice.com然而,基于短期研究,新型的振动设备可能比较有希望。[173]Ravesloot MJ, White D, Heinzer R, et al. Efficacy of the new generation of devices for positional therapy for patients with positional obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis. J Clin Sleep Med. 2017 Feb 15 [Epub ahead of print].http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28212691?tool=bestpractice.com
该治疗可与首选的其他治疗联合使用。[132]Morgenthaler TI, Kapen S, Lee-Chiong T, et al. Standards of Practice Committee; American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Practice parameters for the medical therapy of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep. 2006;29:1031-1035.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16944671?tool=bestpractice.com
由于一些体位治疗设备现在包含定位传感器,因此即将出现关于体位治疗的进一步证据。