接受CPAP治疗的OSA患者在最初规律治疗后应阵发性评估症状和CPAP依从性。美国医疗照顾保险要求评估患者CPAP治疗最初12周的依从性,其报销标准是每周至少5-7晚使用CPAP治疗时间大于等于4小时。[54]Medicare. Coverage issues manual 10-15-2008: transmittal 96. http://www.cms.gov (last accessed 13 April 2017).http://www.cms.gov/transmittals/downloads/R96NCD.pdf也就是说,若每晚睡眠6.5到7小时,那CPAP的使用率至少是41%—44%。多长时间进行临床评估尚无定论,但实践中每年1-2次。CPAP设备内置的传感器可以评估依从性和AHI改善程度。可以通过英特网无线下载数据。对于持续或复发症状(例如,出现嗜睡或与症状改变相关的明显体重变化 [≥10%])的患者,应重复睡眠检测。[181]Kushida CA, Littner MR, Morgenthaler T, et al; American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Practice parameters for the indications for polysomnography and related procedures: an update for 2005. Sleep. 2005;28:499-521.http://www.aasmnet.org/Resources/PracticeParameters/PP_Polysomnography.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16171294?tool=bestpractice.com一些家用检测设备(例如,使用外周动脉张力测定 (PAT) 的设备)允许在睡眠期间使用气道正压 (PAP) 的同时进行评估。除了中重度 OSA 患者对治疗的初始反应要用多导睡眠图或无人值守的睡眠检查进行评估外,监测口腔矫治器和手术治疗的效果可遵循相似的指南。[182]Collop NA, Anderson WM, Boehlecke B, et al; Portable Monitoring Task Force of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Clinical guidelines for the use of unattended portable monitors in the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea in adult patients. J Clin Sleep Med. 2007;3:737-747.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2556918http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18198809?tool=bestpractice.com[181]Kushida CA, Littner MR, Morgenthaler T, et al; American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Practice parameters for the indications for polysomnography and related procedures: an update for 2005. Sleep. 2005;28:499-521.http://www.aasmnet.org/Resources/PracticeParameters/PP_Polysomnography.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16171294?tool=bestpractice.com
根据方案对患者进行教育和支持
如果可能,进行认知行为治疗
鼻用激素能改善有鼻炎和鼻甲肥大患者的依从性。[132]Morgenthaler TI, Kapen S, Lee-Chiong T, et al. Standards of Practice Committee; American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Practice parameters for the medical therapy of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep. 2006;29:1031-1035.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16944671?tool=bestpractice.com
下颌托带可能减少张口呼吸导致的漏气。[128]Bachour A, Hurmerinta K, Maasilta P. Mouth closing device (chinstrap) reduces mouth leak during nasal CPAP. Sleep Med. 2004;5:261-267.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15165532?tool=bestpractice.com
非苯二氮卓类镇静药,如佐匹克隆,可改善某些患者CPAP治疗的依从性。
鼻部手术能降低解剖性鼻部阻塞患者的鼻阻力,提高CPAP依从性、减少CPAP压力。[129]Nakata S, Noda A, Yagi H, et al. Nasal resistance for determinant factor of nasal surgery in CPAP failure patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Rhinology. 2005;43:296-299.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16405275?tool=bestpractice.com[130]Sugiura T, Noda A, Nakata S, et al. Influence of nasal resistance on initial acceptance of continuous positive airway pressure in treatment for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Respiration. 2007;74:56-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16299414?tool=bestpractice.com[183]Powell NB, Zonato AI, Weaver EM, et al. Radiofrequency treatment of turbinate hypertrophy in subjects using continuous positive airway pressure: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical pilot trial. Laryngoscope. 2001;111:1783-1790.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11801946?tool=bestpractice.com[184]Zonato AI, Bittencourt LR, Martinho FL, et al. Upper airway surgery: the effect on nasal continuous positive airway pressure titration on obstructive sleep apnea patients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;263:481-486.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16450157?tool=bestpractice.com
尽管缺乏证据表明双水平气道正压能改善耐受性,可以使用它增加治疗的耐受性。
autoPAP装置可能对一些(AHI与体位或REM期相关)患者的耐受性更好。
如果不能接受或坚持使用CPAP或口腔矫治器,可考虑上气道手术手术或植入舌下神经刺激治疗。鼻部手术可以增加CPAP治疗耐受性。[129]Nakata S, Noda A, Yagi H, et al. Nasal resistance for determinant factor of nasal surgery in CPAP failure patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Rhinology. 2005;43:296-299.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16405275?tool=bestpractice.com[183]Powell NB, Zonato AI, Weaver EM, et al. Radiofrequency treatment of turbinate hypertrophy in subjects using continuous positive airway pressure: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical pilot trial. Laryngoscope. 2001;111:1783-1790.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11801946?tool=bestpractice.com