人白细胞抗原(HLA)-DR/DQ基因的多态性,尤其是HLA-DR和HLA-DQ等位基因,与1型糖尿病易感性有关。[9]Tisch R, McDevitt H. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Cell. 1996;85:291-297.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8616883?tool=bestpractice.com 对于易感人群,环境因素可能会引发免疫介导性胰腺 β 细胞破坏。疾病患病率存在地区差异,并且全球 1 型糖尿病的发生率不断增加,这说明环境对发病有重要的促成作用,但涉及的具体因素仍不清楚。有些病毒(比如先天性风疹综合征和肠道病毒)与 1 型糖尿病发生最为相关。[10]Devendra D, Liu E, Eisenbarth GS. Type 1 diabetes: recent developments. BMJ. 2004 Mar 27;328(7442):750-4.http://www.bmj.com/content/328/7442/750.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15044291?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Hober D, Sauter P. Pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus: interplay between enterovirus and host. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2010 May;6(5):279-89.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20351698?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Ginsberg-Fellner F, Witt ME, Fedun B, et al. Diabetes mellitus and autoimmunity in patients with the congenital rubella syndrome. Rev Infect Dis. 1985 Mar-Apr;7(suppl 1):S170-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3890104?tool=bestpractice.com 在饮食因素中,婴儿期补充维生素D可能是保护性的。[13]Hypponen E, Laara E, Reunanen A, et al. Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study. Lancet. 2001 Nov 3;358(9292):1500-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11705562?tool=bestpractice.com 尚需要更多研究证明牛奶、早期添加谷物或者母亲维生素D摄入增加是否增加了发生1型糖尿病的风险。[14]Virtanen SM, Knip M. Nutritional risk predictors of beta cell autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes at a young age. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Dec;78(6):1053-67.http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/78/6/1053.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14668264?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marjamaki L, Niinisto S, Kenward MG, et al. Maternal intake of vitamin D during pregnancy and risk of advanced beta cell autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in offspring. Diabetologia. 2010 Aug;53(8):1599-607.https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00125-010-1734-8http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20369220?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Knip M, Virtanen SM, Seppa K, et al. Dietary intervention in infancy and later signs of beta-cell autoimmunity. N Engl J Med. 2010 Nov 11;363(20):1900-8.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4242902/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21067382?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Knip M, Virtanen SM, Akerblom HK. Infant feeding and the risk of type 1 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 May;91(5):1506S-13S.https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/91/5/1506S/4597446http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20335552?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Fronczak CM, Barón AE, Chase HP, et al. In utero dietary exposures and risk of islet autoimmunity in children. Diabetes Care. 2003 Dec;26(12):3237-42.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/26/12/3237.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14633808?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Akerblom HK, Virtanen S, Ilonen J, et al, the National TRIGR Study Groups. Dietary manipulation of beta cell autoimmunity in infants at increased risk for type I diabetes: a pilot study. Diabetologia. 2005 May;48(5):829-37.https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00125-005-1733-3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15838685?tool=bestpractice.com 腹部疾病与 1 型糖尿病都具有 HLA-DQ2 基因型,但在 1 型糖尿病患者中更常见。[20]Kakleas K, Karayianni C, Critselis E, et al. The prevalence and risk factors for coeliac disease among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010;90:202-208.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20832887?tool=bestpractice.com 1型糖尿病的发生率可能比乳糜泻发生率高,虽然两者之间并无因果关系。[21]Ludvigsson JF, Ludvigsson J, Ekbom A, et al. Celiac disease and risk of subsequent type 1 diabetes: a general population cohort study of children and adolescents. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:2483-2488.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/29/11/2483.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17065689?tool=bestpractice.com