CLL 细胞为表达 CD5、CD19 和 CD23 的单克隆 B 淋巴细胞。 这些细胞表面标志物显示免疫表型与成熟活化的 B 淋巴细胞一致。
在 CLL 中已发现了许多基因突变和细胞遗传学异常。潜在临床相关性的基因突变包括 TP53、NOTCH1、SF3B1、ATM 和 BIRC3。[1]Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Pileri SA, et al. The 2016 revision of the World Health Organization classification of lymphoid neoplasms. Blood. 2016 May 19;127(20):2375-90.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/127/20/2375.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26980727?tool=bestpractice.com TP53 或 NOTCH1 基因突变与预后不良有关。[9]Zenz T, Eichhorst B, Busch R, et al. TP53 mutation and survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Oct 10;28(29):4473-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20697090?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Villamor N, Conde L, Martínez-Trillos A, et al. NOTCH1 mutations identify a genetic subgroup of chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients with high risk of transformation and poor outcome. Leukemia. 2013 Apr;27(5):1100-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23295735?tool=bestpractice.comCLL 中发现的典型细胞遗传学异常包括 del(13q14) (50%)、del(11q) (18%) 和 del(17p) (7%)。Del(13q14) 与预后较好有关,而 del(11q) 和 del(17p) 与疾病快速进展和预后不良有关。[11]Eichhorst B, Robak T, Montserrat E, et al.; ESMO Guidelines Committee. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(suppl 5):v78-v84.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/suppl_5/v78.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26314781?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Hallek M. State-of-the-art treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2009:440-9.http://asheducationbook.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/2009/1/440http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20008230?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Hallek M, Cheson BD, Catovsky D, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a report from the International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (IWCLL) updating the National Cancer Institute-Working Group (NCI-WG) 1996 guidelines. Blood. 2008 Jun 15;111(12):5446-56.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/111/12/5446http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18216293?tool=bestpractice.com 预后相关性遗传标记物的识别使得能够建立复杂的预后模型。[14]Rossi D, Rasi S, Spina V, et al. Integrated mutational and cytogenetic analysis identifies new prognostic subgroups in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2013 Feb 21;121(8):1403-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23243274?tool=bestpractice.com
在 CLL 中也已经发现了重要的分子标志物,例如突变免疫球蛋白重链 (IgVH)、ζ 相关蛋白 (ZAP-70) 和 CD38 或 CD49d 的表达。突变 IgVH 基因的出现与疾病进展较慢和预后较好有关。[15]Hamblin TJ, Davis Z, Gardiner A, et al. Unmutated Ig V(H) genes are associated with a more aggressive form of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 1999 Sep 15;94(6):1848-54.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/94/6/1848http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10477713?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Damle RN, Wasil T, Fais F, et al. Ig V gene mutation status and CD38 expression as novel prognostic indicators in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 1999 Sep 15;94(6):1840-7.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/94/6/1840http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10477712?tool=bestpractice.comZAP-70 是一种 T 细胞受体的信号传递所必需的酪氨酸激酶,但在正常 B 细胞中未发现。现已发现 ZAP-70 过表达与非突变 IgVH 的出现和预后较差有关。[17]Rassenti LZ, Huynh L, Toy TL, et al. ZAP-70 compared with immunoglobulin heavy-chain mutation status as a predictor of disease progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2004 Aug 26;351(9):893-901.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa040857#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15329427?tool=bestpractice.com CD38 表达与非突变 IgVH的存在有关,并表示为高风险组。[18]Oscier DG, Gardiner AN, Mould SJ, et al. Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in CLL: clinical stage, IGVH gene mutational status, and loss or mutation of the p53 gene are independent prognostic factors. Blood. 2002 Aug 15;100(4):1177-84.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/100/4/1177http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12149195?tool=bestpractice.comCD49d 表达也是预后不良的较强预测指标。[19]Bulian P, Shanafelt TD, Fegan C, et al. CD49d is the strongest flow cytometry-based predictor of overall survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Mar 20;32(9):897-904.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/32/9/897.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24516016?tool=bestpractice.com
CLL 细胞可浸润淋巴系统以及造血器官(例如肝脏、脾和骨髓等)。因此,该疾病可出现淋巴结肿大、肝脾肿大和骨髓抑制。由于 CLL 细胞出现免疫功能失调,因此在这种情况下也可发生复发性感染。CLL 细胞也可能涉及使正常 B 细胞开始产生自身抗体,从而导致自身免疫反应,例如自身免疫性溶血性贫血和免疫性血小板减少性紫癜。[20]Tsang M, Parikh SA. A concise review of autoimmune cytopenias in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 2017 Feb;12(1):29-38.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28197963?tool=bestpractice.com