大多数案例是在与本病无关的原因就诊时,作血常规检查偶然发现被诊断的。[22]Oscier D, Dearden C, Erem E, et al; Writing group: On behalf of the British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guidelines on the diagnosis, investigation and management of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2012 Dec;159(5):541-64.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjh.12067/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23057493?tool=bestpractice.com 为确诊,CLL 的诊断调查应包括血常规和分类计数,以及外周血淋巴细胞流式细胞术检查。[12]Hallek M. State-of-the-art treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2009:440-9.http://asheducationbook.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/2009/1/440http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20008230?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Hallek M, Cheson BD, Catovsky D, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a report from the International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (IWCLL) updating the National Cancer Institute-Working Group (NCI-WG) 1996 guidelines. Blood. 2008 Jun 15;111(12):5446-56.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/111/12/5446http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18216293?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Eichhorst B, Robak T, Montserrat E, et al.; ESMO Guidelines Committee. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(suppl 5):v78-v84.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/suppl_5/v78.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26314781?tool=bestpractice.com 其他治疗前评估应包括荧光素原位杂交 (FISH) ,用于预后性细胞遗传学和辅助确定治疗策略。[12]Hallek M. State-of-the-art treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2009:440-9.http://asheducationbook.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/2009/1/440http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20008230?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Hallek M, Cheson BD, Catovsky D, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a report from the International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (IWCLL) updating the National Cancer Institute-Working Group (NCI-WG) 1996 guidelines. Blood. 2008 Jun 15;111(12):5446-56.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/111/12/5446http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18216293?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Eichhorst B, Robak T, Montserrat E, et al.; ESMO Guidelines Committee. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(suppl 5):v78-v84.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/suppl_5/v78.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26314781?tool=bestpractice.com 虽然骨髓环钻活检不是诊断所必需的,但强烈建议在开始骨髓抑制治疗前进行,以对原因不明的血细胞减少进行诊断评估。[22]Oscier D, Dearden C, Erem E, et al; Writing group: On behalf of the British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guidelines on the diagnosis, investigation and management of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2012 Dec;159(5):541-64.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjh.12067/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23057493?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Eichhorst B, Robak T, Montserrat E, et al.; ESMO Guidelines Committee. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(suppl 5):v78-v84.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/suppl_5/v78.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26314781?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Hallek M. State-of-the-art treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2009:440-9.http://asheducationbook.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/2009/1/440http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20008230?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Hallek M, Cheson BD, Catovsky D, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a report from the International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (IWCLL) updating the National Cancer Institute-Working Group (NCI-WG) 1996 guidelines. Blood. 2008 Jun 15;111(12):5446-56.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/111/12/5446http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18216293?tool=bestpractice.com
病史
患者可能会出现淋巴结肿大。肿大为无痛性且通常与任何其他症状无关。只有少数患者出现典型的 B 症状(例如,发热、寒战、盗汗、体重减轻和疲乏)。[3]Cheson BD, Bennett JM, Rai KR, et al. Guidelines for clinical protocols for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: recommendations of the National Cancer Institute-sponsored working group. Am J Hematol. 1988 Nov;29(3):152-63.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3189311?tool=bestpractice.com 一些晚期患者出现血液并发症,如贫血导致的呼吸短促、血小板减少导致的鼻出血或低丙种球蛋白血症导致的反复感染。
查体
应进行全面体格检查,特别注意颈部、腋窝和腹股沟处的淋巴结。 应寻找贫血导致的苍白、血小板减少导致的瘀斑,以及肝脾肿大。
检查
获得正确诊断的第一步是全血细胞计数和分类计数。这将显示绝对克隆淋巴细胞增多>5 x 10⁹/L (>5 x 10³/μL)。
外周血流式细胞仪分析显示 CLL 典型的细胞表面标志物,且根据特征性免疫表型的检测作出诊断。CLL 诊断的关键标志物包括弱表面免疫球蛋白、CD5、CD19、CD20 和 CD23。[11]Eichhorst B, Robak T, Montserrat E, et al.; ESMO Guidelines Committee. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(suppl 5):v78-v84.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/suppl_5/v78.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26314781?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Hallek M, Cheson BD, Catovsky D, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a report from the International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (IWCLL) updating the National Cancer Institute-Working Group (NCI-WG) 1996 guidelines. Blood. 2008 Jun 15;111(12):5446-56.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/111/12/5446http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18216293?tool=bestpractice.com 流式细胞术分析还可能识别用于预测的标志物(例如,ζ 相关蛋白 [ZAP-70]、CD38 和 CD49d)。[15]Hamblin TJ, Davis Z, Gardiner A, et al. Unmutated Ig V(H) genes are associated with a more aggressive form of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 1999 Sep 15;94(6):1848-54.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/94/6/1848http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10477713?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Damle RN, Wasil T, Fais F, et al. Ig V gene mutation status and CD38 expression as novel prognostic indicators in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 1999 Sep 15;94(6):1840-7.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/94/6/1840http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10477712?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Rassenti LZ, Huynh L, Toy TL, et al. ZAP-70 compared with immunoglobulin heavy-chain mutation status as a predictor of disease progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2004 Aug 26;351(9):893-901.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa040857#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15329427?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Oscier DG, Gardiner AN, Mould SJ, et al. Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in CLL: clinical stage, IGVH gene mutational status, and loss or mutation of the p53 gene are independent prognostic factors. Blood. 2002 Aug 15;100(4):1177-84.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/100/4/1177http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12149195?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Bulian P, Shanafelt TD, Fegan C, et al. CD49d is the strongest flow cytometry-based predictor of overall survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Mar 20;32(9):897-904.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/32/9/897.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24516016?tool=bestpractice.com尽管 ZAP-70、CD38 或 CD49d 的表达提示较差的预后,但没有证据表明早期治疗可改善该类标志物表达的患者存活率。
应为细胞遗传学分析进行外周血 FISH 检查,以帮助确定预后并辅助治疗决策的制定。[12]Hallek M. State-of-the-art treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2009:440-9.http://asheducationbook.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/2009/1/440http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20008230?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Hallek M, Cheson BD, Catovsky D, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a report from the International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (IWCLL) updating the National Cancer Institute-Working Group (NCI-WG) 1996 guidelines. Blood. 2008 Jun 15;111(12):5446-56.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/111/12/5446http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18216293?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Eichhorst B, Robak T, Montserrat E, et al.; ESMO Guidelines Committee. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(suppl 5):v78-v84.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/suppl_5/v78.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26314781?tool=bestpractice.com典型的细胞遗传学异常为 del(13q14) (50%)、del(11q) (18%) 和 del(17p) (7%)。某些染色体缺失和突变有预后意义。例如,存在 del(17p) 的患者对标准化疗方案耐药且预后不良。[12]Hallek M. State-of-the-art treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2009:440-9.http://asheducationbook.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/2009/1/440http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20008230?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Hallek M, Cheson BD, Catovsky D, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a report from the International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (IWCLL) updating the National Cancer Institute-Working Group (NCI-WG) 1996 guidelines. Blood. 2008 Jun 15;111(12):5446-56.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/111/12/5446http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18216293?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Eichhorst B, Robak T, Montserrat E, et al.; ESMO Guidelines Committee. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(suppl 5):v78-v84.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/suppl_5/v78.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26314781?tool=bestpractice.com
应进行外周血的分子遗传学分析,以确定免疫球蛋白重链 (IgVH) 突变状态,并识别其他基因突变(例如 TP53),有助于预后和作出治疗决策。[23]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma. Oct 2017 [internet publication].https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/cll.pdf[1]Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Pileri SA, et al. The 2016 revision of the World Health Organization classification of lymphoid neoplasms. Blood. 2016 May 19;127(20):2375-90.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/127/20/2375.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26980727?tool=bestpractice.com其他可能具有临床相关性的突变包括 NOTCH1、SF3B1、ATM 和 BIRC3;但是,它们在指导 CLL 管理方面的作用需要进一步调查。[1]Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Pileri SA, et al. The 2016 revision of the World Health Organization classification of lymphoid neoplasms. Blood. 2016 May 19;127(20):2375-90.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/127/20/2375.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26980727?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Eichhorst B, Robak T, Montserrat E, et al.; ESMO Guidelines Committee. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(suppl 5):v78-v84.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/suppl_5/v78.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26314781?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Rossi D, Gaidano G. The clinical implications of gene mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Cancer. 2016 Apr 12;114(8):849-54.https://www.nature.com/articles/bjc201678http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27031852?tool=bestpractice.com
应对贫血患者考虑直接抗人球蛋白试验 (direct antiglobulin test, DAT),以检测自身免疫性溶血性贫血。应对复发感染患者检测免疫球蛋白水平,以评估是否存在低丙种球蛋白血症。
骨髓穿刺抽吸和环钻活检可用于诊断,但通常不是必需的。然而,它们可帮助评估血细胞减少(贫血、血小板减少)是否可能与骨髓浸润直接相关。[12]Hallek M. State-of-the-art treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2009:440-9.http://asheducationbook.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/2009/1/440http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20008230?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Hallek M, Cheson BD, Catovsky D, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a report from the International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (IWCLL) updating the National Cancer Institute-Working Group (NCI-WG) 1996 guidelines. Blood. 2008 Jun 15;111(12):5446-56.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/111/12/5446http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18216293?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Eichhorst B, Robak T, Montserrat E, et al.; ESMO Guidelines Committee. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(suppl 5):v78-v84.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/suppl_5/v78.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26314781?tool=bestpractice.com 同样地,认识到这些因素可影响药物诱导的血细胞减少的易感性,推荐在开始治疗前进行骨髓环钻活检。[12]Hallek M. State-of-the-art treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2009:440-9.http://asheducationbook.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/2009/1/440http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20008230?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Hallek M, Cheson BD, Catovsky D, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a report from the International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (IWCLL) updating the National Cancer Institute-Working Group (NCI-WG) 1996 guidelines. Blood. 2008 Jun 15;111(12):5446-56.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/111/12/5446http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18216293?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Eichhorst B, Robak T, Montserrat E, et al.; ESMO Guidelines Committee. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(suppl 5):v78-v84.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/suppl_5/v78.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26314781?tool=bestpractice.com
CT 扫描一般不是初始评估或随访所必需的。[12]Hallek M. State-of-the-art treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2009:440-9.http://asheducationbook.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/2009/1/440http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20008230?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Hallek M, Cheson BD, Catovsky D, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a report from the International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (IWCLL) updating the National Cancer Institute-Working Group (NCI-WG) 1996 guidelines. Blood. 2008 Jun 15;111(12):5446-56.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/111/12/5446http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18216293?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Eichhorst B, Robak T, Montserrat E, et al.; ESMO Guidelines Committee. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(suppl 5):v78-v84.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/suppl_5/v78.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26314781?tool=bestpractice.com 分期基于体格检查和血细胞计数。 CT 扫描可能用于确认是否存在腹膜后、纵膈或肺门淋巴结肿大。