CLL 是一种惰性肿瘤,目前的治疗无法治愈。化疗方案可实现完全缓解,但患者最终会复发。[12]Hallek M. State-of-the-art treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2009:440-9.http://asheducationbook.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/2009/1/440http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20008230?tool=bestpractice.com免疫治疗(例如利妥昔单抗、奥法木单抗 [ofatumumab]、阿托珠单抗 [obinutuzumab])已被证明可改善存活率和缓解率,特别是在化学免疫治疗方案中与化疗联用时。[30]Hallek M. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: 2017 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment. Am J Hematol. 2017 Sep;92(9):946-65.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajh.24826/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28782884?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Cuneo A, Cavazzini F, Ciccone M, et al. Modern treatment in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: impact on survival and efficacy in high-risk subgroups. Cancer Med. 2014 Jun;3(3):555-64.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cam4.226/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24648042?tool=bestpractice.com靶向治疗(例如,依鲁替尼、艾代拉里斯 [idelalisib]、venetoclax)是 CLL 治疗策略的最新补充。这些治疗特别适用于预后不良的患者,例如疾病复发或难治的患者,以及携带 del(17p)/TP53 突变的患者。
及时治疗的适应症
第一步是评估患者是否需要立即治疗,或者是否可以延迟治疗。[22]Oscier D, Dearden C, Erem E, et al; Writing group: On behalf of the British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guidelines on the diagnosis, investigation and management of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2012 Dec;159(5):541-64.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjh.12067/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23057493?tool=bestpractice.com 以下是普遍认可的需要立即治疗的适应征:
贫血或血小板减少(Binet C;Rai III-IV)
症状性疾病(有疼痛的淋巴结肿大、发热、寒战和体重减轻)
急进性疾病(淋巴细胞的倍增时间<6 个月)和淋巴结或器官(肝/脾)迅速肿大
自身免疫性溶血性贫血或免疫性血小板减少性紫癜对免疫抑制治疗无效。
携带 del(17p)/TP53 突变的患者在开始立即治疗之前也要具备这些适应征。
一线治疗
患有早期 CLL(Binet A 和 B;Rai 0-II)的无症状患者不需要立即治疗。推荐仅进行密切观察。[11]Eichhorst B, Robak T, Montserrat E, et al.; ESMO Guidelines Committee. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(suppl 5):v78-v84.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/suppl_5/v78.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26314781?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Hallek M. State-of-the-art treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2009:440-9.http://asheducationbook.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/2009/1/440http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20008230?tool=bestpractice.com 在初级医疗中,可对 Binet A0 或 Rai 0-II 阶段疾病患者进行监测。[12]Hallek M. State-of-the-art treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2009:440-9.http://asheducationbook.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/2009/1/440http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20008230?tool=bestpractice.com
症状性疾病患者或者晚期 CLL(Binet C;Rai III-IV)患者应根据其细胞遗传学特征和体力状态进行处理。[11]Eichhorst B, Robak T, Montserrat E, et al.; ESMO Guidelines Committee. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(suppl 5):v78-v84.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/suppl_5/v78.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26314781?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Hallek M. State-of-the-art treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2009:440-9.http://asheducationbook.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/2009/1/440http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20008230?tool=bestpractice.com 应评估共病(例如,通过使用累积疾病评定量表 [Cumulative Illness Rating Scale, CIRS])并在决定治疗时予以考虑。[32]Salvi F, Miller MD, Grilli A, et al. A manual of guidelines to score the modified cumulative illness rating scale and its validation in acute hospitalized elderly patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008 Oct;56(10):1926-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18811613?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Extermann M, Overcash J, Lyman GH, et al. Comorbidity and functional status are independent in older cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 1998 Apr;16(4):1582-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9552069?tool=bestpractice.com
对具有有利细胞遗传(无 del(17p)/TP53 突变)和良好体力状态的患者的一线治疗应该是包含氟达拉滨、环磷酰胺和利妥昔单抗 (fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab, FCR) 的化学免疫疗法。[11]Eichhorst B, Robak T, Montserrat E, et al.; ESMO Guidelines Committee. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(suppl 5):v78-v84.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/suppl_5/v78.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26314781?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Hallek M. State-of-the-art treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2009:440-9.http://asheducationbook.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/2009/1/440http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20008230?tool=bestpractice.com[34]O'Brien SM, Kantarjian HM, Cortes J, et al. Results of the fludarabine and cyclophosphamide combination regimen in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2001 Mar 1;19(5):1414-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11230486?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Keating MJ, O'Brien S, Albitar M, et al. Early results of a chemoimmunotherapy regimen of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab as initial therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Jun 20;23(18):4079-88.http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/23/18/4079http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15767648?tool=bestpractice.com[36]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Rituximab for first line treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Jul 2009 [internet publication].http://guidance.nice.org.uk/TA174 FCR 在之前未经治疗、具有突变性免疫球蛋白重链 (IgVH) 的患者中诱导长期缓解特别有效。[25]Thompson PA, Tam CS, O'Brien SM, et al. Fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab treatment achieves long-term disease-free survival in IGHV-mutated chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2016 Jan 21;127(3):303-9.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/127/3/303.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26492934?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Rossi D, Terzi-di-Bergamo L, De Paoli L, et al. Molecular prediction of durable remission after first-line fludarabine-cyclophosphamide-rituximab in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2015 Oct 15;126(16):1921-4.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/126/16/1921.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26276669?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Fischer K, Bahlo J, Fink AM, et al. Long-term remissions after FCR chemoimmunotherapy in previously untreated patients with CLL: updated results of the CLL8 trial. Blood. 2016 Jan 14;127(2):208-15.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/127/2/208.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26486789?tool=bestpractice.com 有复发性感染史或年龄较大(例如 65-70 岁)的特定患者可以使用苯达莫司汀联合利妥昔单抗作为一线治疗,而不使用 FCR,因为它具有较低的严重感染风险;然而,它在诱导缓解方面效果较差。[37]Eichhorst B, Fink AM, Bahlo J, et al. First-line chemoimmunotherapy with bendamustine and rituximab versus fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab in patients with advanced chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL10): an international, open-label, randomised, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016 Jul;17(7):928-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27216274?tool=bestpractice.com
针对具有有利的细胞遗传学和某些合并症的患者,可采用减少剂量的含氟达拉滨方案(缩减型 FCR)的一线治疗或下列治疗方案之一进行治疗:[11]Eichhorst B, Robak T, Montserrat E, et al.; ESMO Guidelines Committee. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(suppl 5):v78-v84.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/suppl_5/v78.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26314781?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Hallek M. State-of-the-art treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2009:440-9.http://asheducationbook.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/2009/1/440http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20008230?tool=bestpractice.com[38]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Bendamustine for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Feb 2011 [internet publication].http://guidance.nice.org.uk/TA216[39]Knauf WU, Lissitchkov T, Aldaoud A, et al. Bendamustine compared with chlorambucil in previously untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: updated results of a randomized phase III trial. Br J Haematol. 2012 Oct;159(1):67-77.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjh.12000/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22861163?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Goede V, Fischer K, Busch R, et al. Obinutuzumab plus chlorambucil in patients with CLL and coexisting conditions. N Engl J Med. 2014 Mar 20;370(12):1101-10.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1313984#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24401022?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Hillmen P, Robak T, Janssens A, et al. Chlorambucil plus ofatumumab versus chlorambucil alone in previously untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (COMPLEMENT 1): a randomised, multicentre, open-label phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2015 May 9;385(9980):1873-83.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25882396?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Burger JA, Tedeschi A, Barr PM, et al. Ibrutinib as initial therapy for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2015 Dec 17;373(25):2425-37.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26639149?tool=bestpractice.com
苯达莫司汀联合利妥昔单抗
苯达莫司汀联合奥法木单抗 (ofatumumab)
苯丁酸氮芥联合奥法木单抗 (ofatumumab)
苯丁酸氮芥联合阿托珠单抗 (obinutuzumab)
单药依鲁替尼。
具有有利的细胞遗传学和不良表现的患者应接受苯丁酸氮芥联合阿托珠单抗 (obinutuzumab) 作为一线治疗。[40]Goede V, Fischer K, Busch R, et al. Obinutuzumab plus chlorambucil in patients with CLL and coexisting conditions. N Engl J Med. 2014 Mar 20;370(12):1101-10.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1313984#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24401022?tool=bestpractice.com这些患者的替代治疗方案包括:[23]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma. Oct 2017 [internet publication].https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/cll.pdf[11]Eichhorst B, Robak T, Montserrat E, et al.; ESMO Guidelines Committee. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(suppl 5):v78-v84.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/suppl_5/v78.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26314781?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Hallek M. State-of-the-art treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2009:440-9.http://asheducationbook.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/2009/1/440http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20008230?tool=bestpractice.com
具有不利的细胞遗传学(即存在 del(17p)/TP53 突变)的患者对基于氟达拉滨的化疗反应较差。在缺乏特定的临床治疗方案时,这些患者的一线治疗应使用 B 细胞受体 (B-cell receptor, BCR) 抑制剂(依鲁替尼或艾代拉里斯),应持续至复发或不耐受。[11]Eichhorst B, Robak T, Montserrat E, et al.; ESMO Guidelines Committee. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(suppl 5):v78-v84.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/suppl_5/v78.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26314781?tool=bestpractice.com[43]ESMO Guidelines Committee. eUpdate – chronic lymphocytic leukaemia treatment recommendations. Jun 2017 [internet publication].http://www.esmo.org/Guidelines/Haematological-Malignancies/Chronic-Lymphocytic-Leukaemia/eUpdate-Treatment-Recommendations[12]Hallek M. State-of-the-art treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2009:440-9.http://asheducationbook.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/2009/1/440http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20008230?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Burger JA, Tedeschi A, Barr PM, et al. Ibrutinib as initial therapy for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2015 Dec 17;373(25):2425-37.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26639149?tool=bestpractice.com应首先使用依鲁替尼。不适合依鲁替尼的患者可以使用艾代拉里斯进行治疗,艾代拉里斯应始终与利妥昔单抗或奥法木单抗 (ofatumumab) 联用。不适合用依鲁替尼和艾代拉里斯治疗的患者可以用 Bcl-2 抑制剂 venetoclax 进行治疗。
美国食品药品监督管理局 (FDA) 已经发布一项警示,在临床试验中,艾代拉里斯与感染有关的不良反应风险增加,包括死亡。相关试验已停止,目前 FDA 正在审查试验结果。[44]US Food and Drug Administration. FDA alerts healthcare professionals about clinical trials with Zydelig (idelalisib) in combination with other cancer medicines. Mar 2016 [internet publication].http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm490618.htm 这些试验并未按当前获批的用药方法用药。为尽可能确保该药物安全地使用,欧洲药品管理局 (EMA) 向医生发布了建议,包括预防性使用抗生素来预防杰氏肺囊虫肺炎,并通过定期血液检查来监测白细胞计数和巨细胞病毒 (CMV) 再活化。他们还推荐全身性感染的患者,或无既往治疗史且存在 CLL 和 del(17p)/TP53 突变的患者不应当启用艾代拉里斯治疗(除非这些患者无法接受任何替代治疗,并随后采取预防感染的措施)。[45]European Medicines Agency. PRAC concludes review of Zydelig and issues updated recommendations for use. Jul 2016 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Press_release/2016/07/WC500209936.pdf
晚期复发治疗
具有有利细胞遗传学的患者在持续至少 24 至 36 个月的一线化学免疫治疗获得初始反应后出现复发(即晚期复发),如果耐受,可以重复一线化学免疫治疗,或更换为 BCR 抑制剂治疗(依鲁替尼、或艾代拉里斯与利妥昔单抗或奥法木单抗联用),应持续至复发或不耐受。[11]Eichhorst B, Robak T, Montserrat E, et al.; ESMO Guidelines Committee. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(suppl 5):v78-v84.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/suppl_5/v78.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26314781?tool=bestpractice.com[43]ESMO Guidelines Committee. eUpdate – chronic lymphocytic leukaemia treatment recommendations. Jun 2017 [internet publication].http://www.esmo.org/Guidelines/Haematological-Malignancies/Chronic-Lymphocytic-Leukaemia/eUpdate-Treatment-Recommendations[12]Hallek M. State-of-the-art treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2009:440-9.http://asheducationbook.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/2009/1/440http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20008230?tool=bestpractice.com对于在化学免疫疗法的初始治疗期间出现明显毒性反应的患者,首选更换为 BCR 抑制剂治疗。如果用依鲁替尼和艾代拉里斯治疗失败,可以用 venetoclax 治疗患者。[43]ESMO Guidelines Committee. eUpdate – chronic lymphocytic leukaemia treatment recommendations. Jun 2017 [internet publication].http://www.esmo.org/Guidelines/Haematological-Malignancies/Chronic-Lymphocytic-Leukaemia/eUpdate-Treatment-Recommendations[46]Roberts AW, Davids MS, Pagel JM, et al. Targeting BCL2 with venetoclax in relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jan 28;374(4):311-22.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1513257http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26639348?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Stilgenbauer S, Eichhorst B, Schetelig J, et al. Venetoclax in relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia with 17p deletion: a multicentre, open-label, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2016 Jun;17(6):768-78.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470204516300195?via%3Dihubhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27178240?tool=bestpractice.com
具有一些合并症、表现不佳或 del(17p)/TP53 突变的患者在用依鲁替尼一线治疗后晚期复发,应更换为艾代拉里斯与利妥昔单抗或奥法木单抗联用,应持续至复发或不耐受。[43]ESMO Guidelines Committee. eUpdate – chronic lymphocytic leukaemia treatment recommendations. Jun 2017 [internet publication].http://www.esmo.org/Guidelines/Haematological-Malignancies/Chronic-Lymphocytic-Leukaemia/eUpdate-Treatment-Recommendations 如果用依鲁替尼和艾代拉里斯治疗失败,可以用 venetoclax 治疗患者。[43]ESMO Guidelines Committee. eUpdate – chronic lymphocytic leukaemia treatment recommendations. Jun 2017 [internet publication].http://www.esmo.org/Guidelines/Haematological-Malignancies/Chronic-Lymphocytic-Leukaemia/eUpdate-Treatment-Recommendations[46]Roberts AW, Davids MS, Pagel JM, et al. Targeting BCL2 with venetoclax in relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jan 28;374(4):311-22.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1513257http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26639348?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Stilgenbauer S, Eichhorst B, Schetelig J, et al. Venetoclax in relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia with 17p deletion: a multicentre, open-label, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2016 Jun;17(6):768-78.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470204516300195?via%3Dihubhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27178240?tool=bestpractice.com
如果可能,复发患者应考虑在临床试验中进行治疗,因为这些患者的治疗选择在不断发展变化中。[12]Hallek M. State-of-the-art treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2009:440-9.http://asheducationbook.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/2009/1/440http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20008230?tool=bestpractice.com
早期复发或难治性疾病的治疗
具有有利的细胞遗传学患者在一线治疗后 24 至 36 个月内复发(即早期复发)或对一线治疗无反应,应采用不同的治疗方案。[11]Eichhorst B, Robak T, Montserrat E, et al.; ESMO Guidelines Committee. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(suppl 5):v78-v84.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/suppl_5/v78.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26314781?tool=bestpractice.com[43]ESMO Guidelines Committee. eUpdate – chronic lymphocytic leukaemia treatment recommendations. Jun 2017 [internet publication].http://www.esmo.org/Guidelines/Haematological-Malignancies/Chronic-Lymphocytic-Leukaemia/eUpdate-Treatment-Recommendations[48]Furman RR, Sharman JP, Coutre SE, et al. Idelalisib and rituximab in relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2014 Mar 13;370(11):997-1007.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1315226#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24450857?tool=bestpractice.com例如,在一线化学免疫疗法(例如,FCR)后早期复发的患者应换为 BCR 抑制剂治疗(依鲁替尼或艾代拉里斯)。在这种情况下,依鲁替尼可以作为单药使用或与苯达莫司汀及利妥昔单抗联用,[49]Byrd JC, Brown JR, O'Brien S, et al; RESONATE Investigators. Ibrutinib versus ofatumumab in previously treated chronic lymphoid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2014 Jul 17;371(3):213-23.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1400376#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24881631?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Chanan-Khan A, Cramer P, Demirkan F, et al. Ibrutinib combined with bendamustine and rituximab compared with placebo, bendamustine, and rituximab for previously treated chronic lymphocytic leukaemia or small lymphocytic lymphoma (HELIOS): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2016 Feb;17(2):200-11.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470204515004659?via%3Dihubhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26655421?tool=bestpractice.com但是艾代拉里斯应始终与利妥昔单抗或奥法木单抗联用。BCR 抑制剂治疗应持续至复发或不耐受。如果用依鲁替尼和艾代拉里斯治疗失败,可以用 venetoclax 治疗患者。[43]ESMO Guidelines Committee. eUpdate – chronic lymphocytic leukaemia treatment recommendations. Jun 2017 [internet publication].http://www.esmo.org/Guidelines/Haematological-Malignancies/Chronic-Lymphocytic-Leukaemia/eUpdate-Treatment-Recommendations[46]Roberts AW, Davids MS, Pagel JM, et al. Targeting BCL2 with venetoclax in relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jan 28;374(4):311-22.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1513257http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26639348?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Stilgenbauer S, Eichhorst B, Schetelig J, et al. Venetoclax in relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia with 17p deletion: a multicentre, open-label, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2016 Jun;17(6):768-78.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470204516300195?via%3Dihubhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27178240?tool=bestpractice.com对于早期复发或难治性疾病的患者,如果尚未使用奥法木单抗,也可考虑使用该药。
携带 del(17p)/TP53 突变的患者在使用依鲁替尼进行一线治疗后早期复发或对依鲁替尼无反应时,应更换为艾代拉里斯联用利妥昔单抗或奥法木单抗的治疗,并应持续至复发或不耐受。[43]ESMO Guidelines Committee. eUpdate – chronic lymphocytic leukaemia treatment recommendations. Jun 2017 [internet publication].http://www.esmo.org/Guidelines/Haematological-Malignancies/Chronic-Lymphocytic-Leukaemia/eUpdate-Treatment-Recommendations 如果用依鲁替尼和艾代拉里斯治疗失败,可以用 venetoclax 治疗患者。[43]ESMO Guidelines Committee. eUpdate – chronic lymphocytic leukaemia treatment recommendations. Jun 2017 [internet publication].http://www.esmo.org/Guidelines/Haematological-Malignancies/Chronic-Lymphocytic-Leukaemia/eUpdate-Treatment-Recommendations[46]Roberts AW, Davids MS, Pagel JM, et al. Targeting BCL2 with venetoclax in relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jan 28;374(4):311-22.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1513257http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26639348?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Stilgenbauer S, Eichhorst B, Schetelig J, et al. Venetoclax in relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia with 17p deletion: a multicentre, open-label, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2016 Jun;17(6):768-78.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470204516300195?via%3Dihubhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27178240?tool=bestpractice.com
如果可能,复发或难治性疾病患者应考虑在临床试验中进行治疗,因为这些患者的治疗选择在不断的发展变化中。[12]Hallek M. State-of-the-art treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2009:440-9.http://asheducationbook.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/2009/1/440http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20008230?tool=bestpractice.com
异基因造血干细胞移植
存在 del(17p)/TP53 突变、早期复发或难治性疾病的患者预后不良。如果在药物治疗后达到缓解,这些患者应考虑进行异体干细胞移植,但前提是他们体能状况良好,且具有较低的造血细胞移植共病指数 (haematopoietic cell transplant-comorbidity index, HCT-CI) 得分。[11]Eichhorst B, Robak T, Montserrat E, et al.; ESMO Guidelines Committee. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(suppl 5):v78-v84.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/suppl_5/v78.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26314781?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Hallek M. State-of-the-art treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2009:440-9.http://asheducationbook.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/2009/1/440http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20008230?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Hallek M, Cheson BD, Catovsky D, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a report from the International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (IWCLL) updating the National Cancer Institute-Working Group (NCI-WG) 1996 guidelines. Blood. 2008 Jun 15;111(12):5446-56.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/111/12/5446http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18216293?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Sorror ML, Storb RF, Sandmaier BM, et al. Comorbidity-age index: a clinical measure of biologic age before allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Oct 10;32(29):3249-56.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/32/29/3249.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25154831?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Dreger P, Corradini P, Kimby E, et al. Indications for allogeneic stem cell transplantation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: the EBMT transplant consensus. Leukemia. 2007 Jan;21(1):12-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17109028?tool=bestpractice.com制定 HCT-CI 用于评估患者健康状况,以预测造血细胞移植 (HCT) 后的死亡风险。这一评分系统使医生能够把共病和年龄这两个因素纳入临床决策的考虑范围。
虽然没有随机对照试验评估异体干细胞移植在 CLL 患者中的临床疗效,但回顾性研究表明,它可以提高特定患者群的整体状况和无病生存期。[52]Dreger P, Corradini P, Kimby E, et al. Indications for allogeneic stem cell transplantation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: the EBMT transplant consensus. Leukemia. 2007 Jan;21(1):12-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17109028?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Dreger P, Stilgenbauer S, Benner A, et al. The prognostic impact of autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a risk-matched analysis based on the VH gene mutational status. Blood. 2004 Apr 1;103(7):2850-8.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/103/7/2850http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14670929?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Kharfan-Dabaja MA, Kumar A, Behera M, et al. Systematic review of high dose chemotherapy and autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: what is the published evidence? Br J Haematol. 2007 Oct;139(2):234-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17897299?tool=bestpractice.com应用自体移植的效果并不比化疗好。[11]Eichhorst B, Robak T, Montserrat E, et al.; ESMO Guidelines Committee. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(suppl 5):v78-v84.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/suppl_5/v78.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26314781?tool=bestpractice.com
当前的治疗流程将随着新型药物的用药经验提升而变化,包括高危 CLL 患者对异体干细胞移植的确定性需求。为异体移植选择合适的患者(基于患者特定和移植相关的因素)和患者参与是制定治疗决策的关键。[51]Sorror ML, Storb RF, Sandmaier BM, et al. Comorbidity-age index: a clinical measure of biologic age before allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Oct 10;32(29):3249-56.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/32/29/3249.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25154831?tool=bestpractice.com