治疗的目标是实现完全的细胞遗传学反应 (complete cytogenetic response, CCyR)、完全的血液学缓解和主要的分子反应 (major molecular response, MMR)。治疗可能无法实现所有这些目标,因此,应将至少 CCyR 的目标视为主要目标。尽管 MMR 优于 CCyR(即表明治疗反应更好),但 MMR 尚未证实生存改善。[18]Cortes JE, Talpaz M, Giles F, et al. Prognostic significance of cytogenetic clonal evolution in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia on imatinib mesylate therapy. Blood. 2003 May 15;101(10):3794-800.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/101/10/3794http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12560227?tool=bestpractice.com目前对于获得 CCyR 的患者是否应该改变他们的治疗方法这一点尚无明确的共识。
CML患者应该就被转诊至血液学、肿瘤学顾问医生来进行疾病管理。[12]Hochhaus A, Saussele S, Rosti G, et al. Chronic myeloid leukemia: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2017;28(suppl 4):iv41-51.https://academic.oup.com/annonc/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/annonc/mdx219[15]Baccarani M, Deininger MW, Rosti G, et al. European LeukemiaNet recommendations for the management of chronic myeloid leukemia: 2013. Blood. 2013 Aug 8;122(6):872-84.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/122/6/872.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23803709?tool=bestpractice.com 伊马替尼是第一代酪氨酸激酶抑制剂 (TKI),是大多数患者的有效治疗方法。[19]Deininger M, O’Brien SG, Guilhot F, et al. International randomized study of interferon vs STI571 (IRIS) 8-year follow-up: sustained survival and low risk for progression or events in patients with newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase (CML-CP) treated with imatinib. Blood. (ASH Annual Meeting Abstract). 2009;114:1126. 伊马替尼出现前,疾病常常进展到加速期或急变期,但现在已经不常见了。接受伊马替尼治疗的患者若出现疾病进展,通常发生于开始治疗后最初 2-3 年间。[2]Hochhaus A, O'Brien SG, Guilhot F, et al. Six-year follow-up of patients receiving imatinib for the first-line treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. Leukemia. 2009 Jun;23(6):1054-61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19282833?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Druker BJ, Guilhot F, O'Brien SG, et al. Five-year follow-up of patients receiving imatinib for chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2006 Dec 7;355(23):2408-17.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa062867#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17151364?tool=bestpractice.com
第二代 TKI(例如达沙替尼、尼洛替尼或博舒替尼)是伊马替尼的替代药物。
慢性期
标准初始治疗是伊马替尼。[20]O'Brien SG, Guilhot F, Larson RA, et al. Imatinib compared with interferon and low-dose cytarabine for newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2003 Mar 13;348(11):994-1004.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa022457#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12637609?tool=bestpractice.com 伊马替尼的耐受性良好,约 87% 的患者可获得完全血液学缓解。随访 8 年的总生存率约为 85%-90%。[19]Deininger M, O’Brien SG, Guilhot F, et al. International randomized study of interferon vs STI571 (IRIS) 8-year follow-up: sustained survival and low risk for progression or events in patients with newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase (CML-CP) treated with imatinib. Blood. (ASH Annual Meeting Abstract). 2009;114:1126. 最初5年内,疾病进展为加速期或急变期的风险为7%,较伊马替尼出现以前有显著改善。[3]Druker BJ, Guilhot F, O'Brien SG, et al. Five-year follow-up of patients receiving imatinib for chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2006 Dec 7;355(23):2408-17.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa062867#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17151364?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Deininger M, O’Brien SG, Guilhot F, et al. International randomized study of interferon vs STI571 (IRIS) 8-year follow-up: sustained survival and low risk for progression or events in patients with newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase (CML-CP) treated with imatinib. Blood. (ASH Annual Meeting Abstract). 2009;114:1126.
BCR-ABL 酪氨酸激酶突变、BCR-ABL 扩增或者其他原因可能导致伊马替尼耐药。耐药患者可能对一线治疗无反应、治疗效果不佳、或者在治疗后期初始反应消失。如果可行,应行突变分析以帮助指导治疗。[21]Branford S, Melo JV, Hughes TP. Selecting optimal second-line tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy for chronic myeloid leukemia patients after imatinib failure: does the BCR-ABL mutation status really matter? Blood. 2009 Dec 24;114(27):5426-35.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/114/27/5426http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19880502?tool=bestpractice.com
达沙替尼和尼洛替尼(第二代 TKI)可用于初始治疗(代替伊马替尼)或二线治疗(例如,如果患者对伊马替尼的初始治疗不耐受或无反应,或者如果对伊马替尼的反应欠佳)。[12]Hochhaus A, Saussele S, Rosti G, et al. Chronic myeloid leukemia: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2017;28(suppl 4):iv41-51.https://academic.oup.com/annonc/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/annonc/mdx219[15]Baccarani M, Deininger MW, Rosti G, et al. European LeukemiaNet recommendations for the management of chronic myeloid leukemia: 2013. Blood. 2013 Aug 8;122(6):872-84.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/122/6/872.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23803709?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Kantarjian H, Giles F, Wunderle L, et al. Nilotinib in imatinib-resistant CML and Philadelphia chromosome-positive ALL. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jun 15;354(24):2542-51.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa055104#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16775235?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Shah NP, Kantarjian HM, Kim DW, et al. Intermittent target inhibition with dasatinib 100 mg once daily preserves efficacy and improves tolerability in imatinib-resistant and -intolerant chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jul 1;26(19):3204-12.http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/26/19/3204http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18541900?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Talpaz M, Shah N, Kantarjian H, et al. Dasatinib in imatinib-resistant Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jun 15;354(24):2531-41.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa055229#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16775234?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Cortes JE, Kantarjian HM, Brümmendorf TH, et al. Safety and efficacy of bosutinib (SKI-606) in chronic phase Philadelphia chromosome-positive CML patients with resistance or intolerance to imatinib. Blood. 2011 Oct 27;118(17):4567-76.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/118/17/4567.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21865346?tool=bestpractice.com 博舒替尼已被批准用于初始治疗,用于那些对其他 TKI 不耐受或无反应的患者;但是,许多专科医生认为该药物仅应用于治疗无反应的患者人群。
评估使用第二代 TKI 作为慢性期 CML 一线治疗的研究表明,它们比伊马替尼可以诱导更快速的完全细胞遗传学反应,并且可能与加速期或急变期的转化较少有关。[22]Kantarjian H, Giles F, Wunderle L, et al. Nilotinib in imatinib-resistant CML and Philadelphia chromosome-positive ALL. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jun 15;354(24):2542-51.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa055104#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16775235?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Saglio G, Kim DW, Issaragrisil S, et al. Nilotinib versus imatinib for newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jun 17;362(24):2251-9.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0912614#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20525993?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Larson RA, Hochhaus A, Hughes TP, et al. Nilotinib vs imatinib in patients with newly diagnosed Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase: ENESTnd 3-year follow-up. Leukemia. 2012 Oct;26(10):2197-203.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22699418?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Cortes JE, Gambacorti-Passerini C, Deininger MW, et al. Bosutinib versus imatinib for newly fiagnosed vhronic myeloid leukemia: results From the randomized BFORE trial. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Jan 20;36(3):231-7.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2017.74.7162http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29091516?tool=bestpractice.com 但是,生存受益尚未得到证明。对于第二代 TKI 否优于伊马替尼用于 CML 的一线治疗,目前还没有达成明确的共识。
帕纳替尼 (ponatinib) 是第三代 TKI ,应考虑用于 T315I 突变的患者(对第一代和第二代 TKI 耐药),以及不适合使用其他 TKI 治疗或使用其他 TKI 治疗失败的无突变 CML 患者。但该药可导致严重的血管事件、心衰、胰腺炎及肝毒性(2 期研究中接近 30%)的显著风险。[29]Cortes JE, Kim DW, Pinilla-Ibarz J, et al. A phase 2 trial of ponatinib in Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias. N Engl J Med. 2005 May 15;103(10):2099-108.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3886799/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24180494?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Ponatinib (Iclusig▼): reports of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. 11 October 2018 [internet publication].https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/ponatinib-iclusig-reports-of-posterior-reversible-encephalopathy-syndrome 现已报告了可逆性后部脑病综合征 (posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, PRES) 的上市后病例。如果确认了 PRES,应立即中断使用帕纳替尼,并根据风险受益评估决定是否重新开始治疗。应当以适当的方法告知患者帕纳替尼治疗相关的风险。[30]Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Ponatinib (Iclusig▼): reports of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. 11 October 2018 [internet publication].https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/ponatinib-iclusig-reports-of-posterior-reversible-encephalopathy-syndrome
异基因造血干细胞移植
异基因造血干细胞移植 (haematopoietic stem cell transplant, HSCT) 加大剂量诱导化疗只能考虑用于充分适合 HSCT 的患者和 TKI 治疗失败的患者。[15]Baccarani M, Deininger MW, Rosti G, et al. European LeukemiaNet recommendations for the management of chronic myeloid leukemia: 2013. Blood. 2013 Aug 8;122(6):872-84.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/122/6/872.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23803709?tool=bestpractice.com
对于以下患者,可能考虑给予异基因造血干细胞移植加大剂量化疗:
精确的移植时间较难确定,因此,对于因CML的BCR-ABL发生突变或异常克隆TKI导致治疗无效的患者,应个性化确定移植时间。
长期生存及死亡率取决于年龄、移植时的疾病状态及供者类型。接受全剂量的同种异体移植术的患者 3 年时的总生存率为 60%-90%,而在接受低剂量处理的患者中,40-49 岁人群无白血病的生存率约为 35%,>60 岁人群的生存率为 16%。慢性期患者移植后的复发率为 5%-13%。[31]Horowitz MM, Rowlings PA, Passweg JR. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for CML: a report from the International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1996 May;17 Suppl 3:S5-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8769690?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Clift RA, Anasetti C. Allografting for chronic myeloid leukemia. Baillieres Clin Haematol. 1997 Jun;10(2):319-36.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9376667?tool=bestpractice.com移植前使用伊马替尼似乎对移植结局、植入体植入或不良反应(例如,肝毒性)无负面影响。[33]Oehler VG, Gooley T, Snyder DS, et al. The effects of imatinib mesylate treatment before allogeneic transplantation for chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2007 Feb 15;109(4):1782-9.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/109/4/1782http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17062727?tool=bestpractice.com
加速期
初始治疗可选择伊马替尼、达沙替尼或尼洛替尼。[12]Hochhaus A, Saussele S, Rosti G, et al. Chronic myeloid leukemia: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2017;28(suppl 4):iv41-51.https://academic.oup.com/annonc/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/annonc/mdx219[15]Baccarani M, Deininger MW, Rosti G, et al. European LeukemiaNet recommendations for the management of chronic myeloid leukemia: 2013. Blood. 2013 Aug 8;122(6):872-84.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/122/6/872.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23803709?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Kantarjian H, Cortes J, Kim DW, et al. Phase 3 study of dasatinib 140 mg once daily versus 70 mg twice daily in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in accelerated phase resistant or intolerant to imatinib: 15-month median follow-up. Blood. 2009 Jun 18;113(25):6322-9.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/113/25/6322http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19369231?tool=bestpractice.com 在此情况下,伊马替尼治疗的 4 年总生存率为 53%。[35]Kantarjian H, Talpaz M, O'Brien S, et al. Survival benefit with imatinib mesylate therapy in patients with accelerated phase chronic myelogenous leukemia - comparison with historic experience. Cancer. 2005 May 15;103(10):2099-108.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15830345?tool=bestpractice.com 博舒替尼 (bosutinib) 可考虑用于对初始治疗不适合或无反应的患者。帕纳替尼应考虑用于 T315I 突变的患者,以及不适合使用其他 TKI 治疗或其他 TKI 治疗失败的无突变 CML 患者。还应考虑给予异基因 HSCT 加大剂量化疗。[12]Hochhaus A, Saussele S, Rosti G, et al. Chronic myeloid leukemia: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2017;28(suppl 4):iv41-51.https://academic.oup.com/annonc/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/annonc/mdx219[15]Baccarani M, Deininger MW, Rosti G, et al. European LeukemiaNet recommendations for the management of chronic myeloid leukemia: 2013. Blood. 2013 Aug 8;122(6):872-84.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/122/6/872.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23803709?tool=bestpractice.com
急变期
单用伊马替尼、达沙替尼、尼洛替尼或博舒替尼,或与诱导化疗联合使用,一旦确定供体后立即进行异基因造血干细胞移植。[12]Hochhaus A, Saussele S, Rosti G, et al. Chronic myeloid leukemia: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2017;28(suppl 4):iv41-51.https://academic.oup.com/annonc/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/annonc/mdx219[15]Baccarani M, Deininger MW, Rosti G, et al. European LeukemiaNet recommendations for the management of chronic myeloid leukemia: 2013. Blood. 2013 Aug 8;122(6):872-84.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/122/6/872.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23803709?tool=bestpractice.com 帕纳替尼应考虑用于 T315I 突变的患者,以及不适合使用其他 TKI 治疗或其他 TKI 治疗失败的无突变 CML 患者。如果出现淋巴样急变期,可采用大剂量急性淋巴细胞白血病 (acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, ALL) 的诱导化疗方案。[15]Baccarani M, Deininger MW, Rosti G, et al. European LeukemiaNet recommendations for the management of chronic myeloid leukemia: 2013. Blood. 2013 Aug 8;122(6):872-84.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/122/6/872.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23803709?tool=bestpractice.com 急性髓性白血病(AML)的诱导化疗方案可用于髓样急性变。[15]Baccarani M, Deininger MW, Rosti G, et al. European LeukemiaNet recommendations for the management of chronic myeloid leukemia: 2013. Blood. 2013 Aug 8;122(6):872-84.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/122/6/872.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23803709?tool=bestpractice.com
移植后复发
应将患者转诊至血液/肿瘤专家,进一步评估是否使用干扰素、羟基脲或纳入相关临床试验。[12]Hochhaus A, Saussele S, Rosti G, et al. Chronic myeloid leukemia: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2017;28(suppl 4):iv41-51.https://academic.oup.com/annonc/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/annonc/mdx219[15]Baccarani M, Deininger MW, Rosti G, et al. European LeukemiaNet recommendations for the management of chronic myeloid leukemia: 2013. Blood. 2013 Aug 8;122(6):872-84.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/122/6/872.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23803709?tool=bestpractice.com