第一选择
伊马替尼
:
初始剂量 400 mg,口服 ,每日一次,根据反应和不良反应增加剂量,最大剂量 600 mg/日
或
达沙替尼
:
初始剂量 100 mg,口服 ,每日一次,根据反应和不良反应增加剂量,最大剂量 140 mg/日
或
尼罗替尼
:
新确诊病例:300 mg,口服 ,每日两次;对包括伊马替尼在内的先前治疗耐药或不耐受的患者: 400 mg,口服,每日两次
第二选择
博舒替尼
:
新确诊病例:初始剂量 400 mg,口服,每日一次,根据反应和不良反应增加剂量,最大剂量 600 mg/日;对先前治疗耐药或不耐受的患者:初始剂量 500 mg,口服,每日一次,根据反应和不良反应增加剂量,最大剂量 600 mg/日
第三选择
帕纳替尼
:
初始剂量 45 mg,口服,每日一次,对于获得主要细胞遗传学反应的患者考虑降低剂量
CML患者应该就被转诊至血液学、肿瘤学顾问医生来进行疾病管理。[12]Hochhaus A, Saussele S, Rosti G, et al. Chronic myeloid leukemia: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2017;28(suppl 4):iv41-51.https://academic.oup.com/annonc/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/annonc/mdx219[15]Baccarani M, Deininger MW, Rosti G, et al. European LeukemiaNet recommendations for the management of chronic myeloid leukemia: 2013. Blood. 2013 Aug 8;122(6):872-84.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/122/6/872.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23803709?tool=bestpractice.com 治疗的目标是实现完全的细胞遗传学反应 (complete cytogenetic response, CCyR)、完全的血液学缓解和主要的分子反应 (major molecular response, MMR)。治疗可能无法实现所有这些目标;因而应至少将 CCyR 的目标视为主要目标。
标准初治方案为第一代 TKI 伊马替尼。[12]Hochhaus A, Saussele S, Rosti G, et al. Chronic myeloid leukemia: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2017;28(suppl 4):iv41-51.https://academic.oup.com/annonc/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/annonc/mdx219[15]Baccarani M, Deininger MW, Rosti G, et al. European LeukemiaNet recommendations for the management of chronic myeloid leukemia: 2013. Blood. 2013 Aug 8;122(6):872-84.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/122/6/872.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23803709?tool=bestpractice.com 没有明确证据表明伊马替尼高剂量比标准剂量效果更佳。[36]Cortes JE, Baccarani M, Guilhot F, et al. Phase III, randomized, open-label study of daily imatinib mesylate 400 mg versus 800 mg in patients with newly diagnosed, previously untreated chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase using molecular end points: tyrosine kinase inhibitor optimization and selectivity study. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Jan 20;28(3):424-30.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/28/3/424.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20008622?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Baccarani M, Rosti G, Castagnetti F, et al. Comparison of imatinib 400 mg and 800 mg daily in the front-line treatment of high-risk, Philadelphia-positive chronic myeloid leukemia: a European LeukemiaNet Study. Blood. 2009 May 7;113(19):4497-504http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/113/19/4497http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19264678?tool=bestpractice.com
伊马替尼的耐受性良好,约 87% 的患者可获得完全血液学反应。随访 8 年的总生存率约为 85%-90%。[19]Deininger M, O’Brien SG, Guilhot F, et al. International randomized study of interferon vs STI571 (IRIS) 8-year follow-up: sustained survival and low risk for progression or events in patients with newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase (CML-CP) treated with imatinib. Blood. (ASH Annual Meeting Abstract). 2009;114:1126. 最初5年内,疾病进展为加速期或急变期的风险为7%,较伊马替尼出现以前有显著改善。[3]Druker BJ, Guilhot F, O'Brien SG, et al. Five-year follow-up of patients receiving imatinib for chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2006 Dec 7;355(23):2408-17.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa062867#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17151364?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Deininger M, O’Brien SG, Guilhot F, et al. International randomized study of interferon vs STI571 (IRIS) 8-year follow-up: sustained survival and low risk for progression or events in patients with newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase (CML-CP) treated with imatinib. Blood. (ASH Annual Meeting Abstract). 2009;114:1126.
BCR-ABL 酪氨酸激酶突变、BCR-ABL 扩增或者其他原因可能导致伊马替尼耐药。耐药患者可能对一线治疗无反应、治疗效果不佳、或者在治疗后期初始反应消失。如果可行,应行突变分析以帮助指导治疗。[21]Branford S, Melo JV, Hughes TP. Selecting optimal second-line tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy for chronic myeloid leukemia patients after imatinib failure: does the BCR-ABL mutation status really matter? Blood. 2009 Dec 24;114(27):5426-35.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/114/27/5426http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19880502?tool=bestpractice.com
达沙替尼和尼洛替尼(第二代 TKI)可用于初始治疗(代替伊马替尼)或二线治疗(例如,如果患者对伊马替尼的初始治疗不耐受或无反应,或者如果对伊马替尼的反应欠佳)。[12]Hochhaus A, Saussele S, Rosti G, et al. Chronic myeloid leukemia: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2017;28(suppl 4):iv41-51.https://academic.oup.com/annonc/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/annonc/mdx219[15]Baccarani M, Deininger MW, Rosti G, et al. European LeukemiaNet recommendations for the management of chronic myeloid leukemia: 2013. Blood. 2013 Aug 8;122(6):872-84.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/122/6/872.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23803709?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Kantarjian H, Giles F, Wunderle L, et al. Nilotinib in imatinib-resistant CML and Philadelphia chromosome-positive ALL. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jun 15;354(24):2542-51.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa055104#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16775235?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Shah NP, Kantarjian HM, Kim DW, et al. Intermittent target inhibition with dasatinib 100 mg once daily preserves efficacy and improves tolerability in imatinib-resistant and -intolerant chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jul 1;26(19):3204-12.http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/26/19/3204http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18541900?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Talpaz M, Shah N, Kantarjian H, et al. Dasatinib in imatinib-resistant Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jun 15;354(24):2531-41.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa055229#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16775234?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Cortes JE, Kantarjian HM, Brümmendorf TH, et al. Safety and efficacy of bosutinib (SKI-606) in chronic phase Philadelphia chromosome-positive CML patients with resistance or intolerance to imatinib. Blood. 2011 Oct 27;118(17):4567-76.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/118/17/4567.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21865346?tool=bestpractice.com 博舒替尼已被批准用于初始治疗,用于那些对其他 TKI 不耐受或无反应的患者;但是,许多专科医生认为该药物仅应用于治疗无反应的患者人群。
评估使用第二代 TKI 作为慢性期 CML 一线治疗的研究表明,它们比伊马替尼可以诱导更快速的完全细胞遗传学反应,并且可能与加速期或急变期的转化较少有关。[22]Kantarjian H, Giles F, Wunderle L, et al. Nilotinib in imatinib-resistant CML and Philadelphia chromosome-positive ALL. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jun 15;354(24):2542-51.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa055104#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16775235?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Saglio G, Kim DW, Issaragrisil S, et al. Nilotinib versus imatinib for newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jun 17;362(24):2251-9.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0912614#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20525993?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Larson RA, Hochhaus A, Hughes TP, et al. Nilotinib vs imatinib in patients with newly diagnosed Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase: ENESTnd 3-year follow-up. Leukemia. 2012 Oct;26(10):2197-203.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22699418?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Cortes JE, Gambacorti-Passerini C, Deininger MW, et al. Bosutinib versus imatinib for newly fiagnosed vhronic myeloid leukemia: results From the randomized BFORE trial. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Jan 20;36(3):231-7.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2017.74.7162http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29091516?tool=bestpractice.com 但是,生存受益尚未得到证明。对于第二代 TKI 否优于伊马替尼用于 CML 的一线治疗,目前还没有达成明确的共识。
帕纳替尼 (ponatinib) 是第三代 TKI ,应考虑用于 T315I 突变的患者(对第一代和第二代 TKI 耐药),以及不适合使用其他 TKI 治疗或使用其他 TKI 治疗失败的无突变 CML 患者。但该药可导致严重的血管事件、心衰、胰腺炎及肝毒性(2 期研究中接近 30%)的显著风险。[29]Cortes JE, Kim DW, Pinilla-Ibarz J, et al. A phase 2 trial of ponatinib in Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias. N Engl J Med. 2005 May 15;103(10):2099-108.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3886799/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24180494?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Ponatinib (Iclusig▼): reports of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. 11 October 2018 [internet publication].https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/ponatinib-iclusig-reports-of-posterior-reversible-encephalopathy-syndrome 现已报告了可逆性后部脑病综合征 (posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, PRES) 的上市后病例。如果确认了 PRES,应立即中断使用帕纳替尼,并根据风险受益评估决定是否重新开始治疗。应当以适当的方法告知患者帕纳替尼治疗相关的风险。[30]Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Ponatinib (Iclusig▼): reports of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. 11 October 2018 [internet publication].https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/ponatinib-iclusig-reports-of-posterior-reversible-encephalopathy-syndrome