检测可治疗的病因:有来自系统评价的高质量证据表明,痴呆的其他可治疗病因的偶然检出率在 1%-10% 之间,虽然不高,但对某些个例却可能颇为重要。[22]Clarfield AM. The decreasing prevalence of reversible dementias: an updated meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2003 Oct 13;163(18):2219-29.http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/163/18/2219http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14557220?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Hejl AM, Hogh P, Waldemar G. Potentially reversible conditions in 1000 consecutive memory clinic patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;73:390-394.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1738080/pdf/v073p00390.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12235305?tool=bestpractice.com
系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
检测可治疗的病因:有来自系统评价的高质量证据表明,痴呆的其他可治疗病因的偶然检出率在 1%-10% 之间,虽然不高,但对某些个例却可能颇为重要。[22]Clarfield AM. The decreasing prevalence of reversible dementias: an updated meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2003 Oct 13;163(18):2219-29.http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/163/18/2219http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14557220?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Hejl AM, Hogh P, Waldemar G. Potentially reversible conditions in 1000 consecutive memory clinic patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;73:390-394.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1738080/pdf/v073p00390.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12235305?tool=bestpractice.com
心血管事件的减少:高质量证据表明,颈动脉内膜剥脱术对预防有症状狭窄和狭窄≥70%而无闭塞人群的卒中进展是非常有益的。[29]Brott TG, Brown RD, Meyer FB, et al. Carotid revascularization for prevention of stroke: carotid endarterectomy and carotid artery stenting. Mayo Clin Proc. 2004 Sep;79(9):1197-208.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15357045?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Barnett HJ, Taylor DW, Eliasziw M, et al. Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis. N Engl J Med. 1998 Nov 12;339(20):1415-25.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199811123392002http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9811916?tool=bestpractice.com
系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
心血管事件的减少:高质量证据表明,颈动脉内膜剥脱术对预防有症状狭窄和狭窄≥70%而无闭塞人群的卒中进展是非常有益的。[29]Brott TG, Brown RD, Meyer FB, et al. Carotid revascularization for prevention of stroke: carotid endarterectomy and carotid artery stenting. Mayo Clin Proc. 2004 Sep;79(9):1197-208.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15357045?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Barnett HJ, Taylor DW, Eliasziw M, et al. Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis. N Engl J Med. 1998 Nov 12;339(20):1415-25.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199811123392002http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9811916?tool=bestpractice.com
治疗:有来自系统评价的高质量证据表明,针对血管性痴呆,几乎不存任何特异性治疗能够获益的相关证据。[33]Korczyn AD. Drugs for vascular dementia. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6:749-751.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17706553?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Black SE. Therapeutic issues in vascular dementia: studies, designs and approaches. Can J Neurol Sci. 2007;34(suppl 1):S125-S130.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17474183?tool=bestpractice.com
系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
治疗:有来自系统评价的高质量证据表明,针对血管性痴呆,几乎不存任何特异性治疗能够获益的相关证据。[33]Korczyn AD. Drugs for vascular dementia. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6:749-751.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17706553?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Black SE. Therapeutic issues in vascular dementia: studies, designs and approaches. Can J Neurol Sci. 2007;34(suppl 1):S125-S130.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17474183?tool=bestpractice.com
预防认知衰退:有来自系统评价的高质量证据表明,既往无脑血管病的患者中,没有任何证据支持使用降压药物可以预防认知减退。[41]McGuinness B, Todd S, Passmore P, et al. Blood pressure lowering in patients without prior cerebrovascular disease for prevention of cognitive impairment and dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(4):CD004034.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004034.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19821318?tool=bestpractice.com
系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
预防认知衰退:有来自系统评价的高质量证据表明,既往无脑血管病的患者中,没有任何证据支持使用降压药物可以预防认知减退。[41]McGuinness B, Todd S, Passmore P, et al. Blood pressure lowering in patients without prior cerebrovascular disease for prevention of cognitive impairment and dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(4):CD004034.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004034.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19821318?tool=bestpractice.com
心血管事件的减少:来自大型随机对照试验的高质量的证据表明,与安慰剂对照或者未接受治疗的患者相比,使用他汀类药物降低胆固醇可有效降低心血管病高危人群的卒中风险。[45]Amarenco P, Bogousslavsky J, Callahan A 3rd, et al; The Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) Investigators. High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. 2006 Aug 10;355(6):549-59.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa061894#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16899775?tool=bestpractice.com
系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
心血管事件的减少:来自大型随机对照试验的高质量的证据表明,与安慰剂对照或者未接受治疗的患者相比,使用他汀类药物降低胆固醇可有效降低心血管病高危人群的卒中风险。[45]Amarenco P, Bogousslavsky J, Callahan A 3rd, et al; The Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) Investigators. High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. 2006 Aug 10;355(6):549-59.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa061894#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16899775?tool=bestpractice.com
延缓症状进展:有来自系统评价的优质证据表明,银杏制剂在延缓症状进展方面效果有限。[48]Kasper S, Schubert H. Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in the treatment of dementia: evidence of efficacy and tolerability [in German]. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 2009;77:494-506.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19621278?tool=bestpractice.com
系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
延缓症状进展:有来自系统评价的优质证据表明,银杏制剂在延缓症状进展方面效果有限。[48]Kasper S, Schubert H. Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in the treatment of dementia: evidence of efficacy and tolerability [in German]. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 2009;77:494-506.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19621278?tool=bestpractice.com
认知功能的改善:低质量研究证据表明,与安慰剂对照相比,使用6个月的乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂可以稍微改善血管性痴呆患者后的认知功能,但不能改善患者的总体功能得分以及日常行为能力得分。
系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
认知功能的改善:低质量研究证据表明,与安慰剂对照相比,使用6个月的乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂可以稍微改善血管性痴呆患者后的认知功能,但不能改善患者的总体功能得分以及日常行为能力得分。
认知功能的改善来自观察性研究的低质量证据表明,他汀类药物对于改善高龄患者(包括血管性痴呆患者)的认知功能无明显效果。[42]Etminan M, Gill S, Sammii A. The role of lipid-lowering drugs in cognitive function: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Pharmacotherapy. 2003;23:726-730.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12820814?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Bernick C, Katz R, Smith NL, et al. Statins and cognitive function in the elderly: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Neurology. 2005;65:1388-1394.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16275825?tool=bestpractice.com
系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
认知功能的改善来自观察性研究的低质量证据表明,他汀类药物对于改善高龄患者(包括血管性痴呆患者)的认知功能无明显效果。[42]Etminan M, Gill S, Sammii A. The role of lipid-lowering drugs in cognitive function: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Pharmacotherapy. 2003;23:726-730.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12820814?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Bernick C, Katz R, Smith NL, et al. Statins and cognitive function in the elderly: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Neurology. 2005;65:1388-1394.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16275825?tool=bestpractice.com