如果在孕 20 周之后新发持续存在的高血压,通常伴有蛋白尿,应当诊断子痫前期。[33]Davey DA, MacGillivray I. The classification and definition of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988 Apr;158(4):892-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3364501?tool=bestpractice.com[3]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hypertension in pregnancy: diagnosis and management. January 2011 [internet publication].http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg107[1]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Hypertension in pregnancy: report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Nov;122(5):1122-31.http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Task-Force-and-Work-Group-Reports/Hypertension-in-Pregnancyhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24150027?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Tranquilli AL, Dekker G, Magee L, et al. The classification, diagnosis and management of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: a revised statement from the ISSHP. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2014 Apr;4(2):97-104.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26104417?tool=bestpractice.com 如果不存在高血压,可排除诊断,但不管有无高血压,都可能存在相关疾病,例如 HELLP 综合征。HELLP 综合征是重度子痫前期的一种亚型,以溶血 (H)、肝酶升高 (EL)、低血小板 (LP) 为特征。[3]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hypertension in pregnancy: diagnosis and management. January 2011 [internet publication].http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg107 蛋白尿不再是诊断子痫前期的必要条件;即使没有蛋白尿,存在全身受累合并高血压就足以诊断本病。[1]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Hypertension in pregnancy: report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Nov;122(5):1122-31.http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Task-Force-and-Work-Group-Reports/Hypertension-in-Pregnancyhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24150027?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Tranquilli AL, Dekker G, Magee L, et al. The classification, diagnosis and management of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: a revised statement from the ISSHP. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2014 Apr;4(2):97-104.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26104417?tool=bestpractice.com 一旦诊断,除要对孕妇进一步检查以确定全身受累状况,还应对胎儿状况进行评估。
如果有重度子痫前期或并发症的体征和症状,需要立即治疗。确诊后,或临床症状非常严重,应当将妊娠女性收入产科医疗机构诊治。[3]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hypertension in pregnancy: diagnosis and management. January 2011 [internet publication].http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg107[1]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Hypertension in pregnancy: report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Nov;122(5):1122-31.http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Task-Force-and-Work-Group-Reports/Hypertension-in-Pregnancyhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24150027?tool=bestpractice.com
病史
子痫前期见于妊娠 20 周后的女性。[3]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hypertension in pregnancy: diagnosis and management. January 2011 [internet publication].http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg107[1]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Hypertension in pregnancy: report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Nov;122(5):1122-31.http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Task-Force-and-Work-Group-Reports/Hypertension-in-Pregnancyhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24150027?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Lowe SA, Bowyer L, Lust K, et al. SOMANZ guidelines for the management of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy 2014. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2015 Oct;55(5):e1-29.https://somanz.org/downloads/HTguidelineupdatedJune2015.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26412014?tool=bestpractice.com 关键危险因素包括,初产、阳性家族史、既往妊娠发生子痫前期、BMI >30、妊娠年龄 >35 岁、多胎妊娠、妊娠期高血压(妊娠 20 周后发生的高血压,不伴蛋白尿和全身症状)、妊娠前糖尿病、多囊卵巢综合征、自身免疫性疾病、肾脏疾病或慢性高血压。
孕妇可能无症状,只是在常规临床检查时被诊断,或可能因下列症状就诊时被发现。
头痛:经常为前额痛;大约见于 40% 的重度疾病患者,是可以预测子痫风险增加的少数症状之一。[24]Walker JJ. Pre-eclampsia. Lancet. 2000 Oct 7;356(9237):1260-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11072961?tool=bestpractice.com
上腹痛:通常为右上腹疼痛;见于大约 16% 的重症患者,是 HELLP 综合征的临床症状之一。[24]Walker JJ. Pre-eclampsia. Lancet. 2000 Oct 7;356(9237):1260-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11072961?tool=bestpractice.com
视觉障碍:例如闪光感(感到视野内有闪光)、盲点、视网膜血管痉挛;相对罕见,但能预测子痫风险增加。存在皮质盲时,医生应警惕可能存在脑水肿。
呼吸困难:这是由于肺水肿,可能为子痫前期的并发症。如果分娩后发生,是产妇死亡的主要原因之一。
癫痫发作:需要入住重症监护病房,稳定后分娩。
少尿。
除了高血压伴有或不伴有蛋白尿之外,如果存在这些症状,应当将子痫前期分类为重度。[1]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Hypertension in pregnancy: report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Nov;122(5):1122-31.http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Task-Force-and-Work-Group-Reports/Hypertension-in-Pregnancyhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24150027?tool=bestpractice.com 如果胎动减少,需要立即开展胎儿超声评估。 [
]How does Doppler ultrasound compare with no ultrasound for improving infant outcomes in high-risk pregnancies?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1779/full显示答案
体格检查
如果先前血压正常的妇女发生高血压(定义为收缩压 ≥140 mmHg 和/或舒张压 ≥90 mmHg),有诊断意义。[3]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hypertension in pregnancy: diagnosis and management. January 2011 [internet publication].http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg107[1]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Hypertension in pregnancy: report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Nov;122(5):1122-31.http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Task-Force-and-Work-Group-Reports/Hypertension-in-Pregnancyhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24150027?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Lowe SA, Bowyer L, Lust K, et al. SOMANZ guidelines for the management of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy 2014. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2015 Oct;55(5):e1-29.https://somanz.org/downloads/HTguidelineupdatedJune2015.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26412014?tool=bestpractice.com 应当至少测量 2 次,至少间隔 4 小时。[1]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Hypertension in pregnancy: report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Nov;122(5):1122-31.http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Task-Force-and-Work-Group-Reports/Hypertension-in-Pregnancyhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24150027?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,测量 3 次后求平均值,可以提高准确性。[3]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hypertension in pregnancy: diagnosis and management. January 2011 [internet publication].http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg107[1]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Hypertension in pregnancy: report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Nov;122(5):1122-31.http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Task-Force-and-Work-Group-Reports/Hypertension-in-Pregnancyhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24150027?tool=bestpractice.com
水肿很常见,但没有鉴别意义,所以不应当用于诊断。反射亢进和/或阵挛罕见,在临床评估中价值很小。眼底镜检查罕见异常,但如果有异常,提示潜在的慢性高血压。
如果子宫相对实际孕周小,意味着羊水量减少,可能意味着生长受限,需要胎儿超声评估。 [
]How does Doppler ultrasound compare with no ultrasound for improving infant outcomes in high-risk pregnancies?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1779/full显示答案 胎儿生长受限见于大约 30% 的子痫前期女性。[3]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hypertension in pregnancy: diagnosis and management. January 2011 [internet publication].http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg107
尿液分析
试纸检测法可以用于筛查蛋白尿。如果测试结果的蛋白为 1+,并且伴有血压升高达到子痫前期范围,则需要转诊到专科医院或住院。如果不存在蛋白尿或子痫前期的全身征象,应当考虑其他诊断。
用于估计尿蛋白的标准诊断检测是采集 24 小时尿液,24 小时尿蛋白排泄 ≥0.3 g 可以诊断。[3]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hypertension in pregnancy: diagnosis and management. January 2011 [internet publication].http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg107[1]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Hypertension in pregnancy: report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Nov;122(5):1122-31.http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Task-Force-and-Work-Group-Reports/Hypertension-in-Pregnancyhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24150027?tool=bestpractice.com 尿蛋白 ≥5 g/24 小时不再用作严重程度的指标,因为尿蛋白水平与妊娠结局不相关。[1]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Hypertension in pregnancy: report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Nov;122(5):1122-31.http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Task-Force-and-Work-Group-Reports/Hypertension-in-Pregnancyhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24150027?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,只有 70% 的患者可成功完成 24 小时尿液采集。[3]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hypertension in pregnancy: diagnosis and management. January 2011 [internet publication].http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg107
替代检查包括使用自动读数仪的试纸法检测或使用尿蛋白:肌酐比值的斑点试验,结果 ≥30 mg/mmol (0.3 mg/dL) 有诊断意义。[3]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hypertension in pregnancy: diagnosis and management. January 2011 [internet publication].http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg107[1]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Hypertension in pregnancy: report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Nov;122(5):1122-31.http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Task-Force-and-Work-Group-Reports/Hypertension-in-Pregnancyhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24150027?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Lowe SA, Bowyer L, Lust K, et al. SOMANZ guidelines for the management of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy 2014. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2015 Oct;55(5):e1-29.https://somanz.org/downloads/HTguidelineupdatedJune2015.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26412014?tool=bestpractice.com
因为蛋白尿水平与妊娠结局不相关,一旦做出诊断,重复进行尿液分析并无获益。[3]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hypertension in pregnancy: diagnosis and management. January 2011 [internet publication].http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg107
胎儿评估
如果怀疑胎儿运动减少或胎儿生长受限,需要立即开展胎儿超声评估。 [
]How does Doppler ultrasound compare with no ultrasound for improving infant outcomes in high-risk pregnancies?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1779/full显示答案 首先应当使用下列检查,之后再用其他方法对所有患者开展胎儿评估:[3]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hypertension in pregnancy: diagnosis and management. January 2011 [internet publication].http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg107[1]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Hypertension in pregnancy: report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Nov;122(5):1122-31.http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Task-Force-and-Work-Group-Reports/Hypertension-in-Pregnancyhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24150027?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Lowe SA, Bowyer L, Lust K, et al. SOMANZ guidelines for the management of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy 2014. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2015 Oct;55(5):e1-29.https://somanz.org/downloads/HTguidelineupdatedJune2015.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26412014?tool=bestpractice.com
建议使用胎心监护评估胎儿健康状况,但对预后判断几乎没有价值。 应当首先开展这项检查,之后每周不超过两次,除非存在需要注意的现象:比如阴道出血、胎动减少或疾病严重程度增加。 [
]How does Doppler ultrasound compare with cardiotocography for improving infant outcomes in high-risk pregnancies?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1778/full显示答案
胎儿生物物理评分应当用于诊断或排除胎儿生长受限,但必须间隔 2 周,才能全面评估胎儿生长状况。
脐动脉多普勒测速是主要的评估工具。研究显示,其可降低围产期死亡率以及可支持制定更佳决策,从而可做出更合适的分娩决策。应当在入院时进行检查,且若结果正常,应每周检查两次。若结果异常,可能需要使用其他方法加强监测,包括对其他胎儿血管的多普勒评估和胎心宫缩描记图。 [
]How does Doppler ultrasound compare with cardiotocography for improving infant outcomes in high-risk pregnancies?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1778/full显示答案 可能需要在几天内分娩。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 脐动脉多普勒测速:(1) 正常形态;(2) 舒张期末血流变慢;(3) 舒张期末血流缺失;(4) 舒张期末逆向血流来自 Dr James J. Walker 的个人收集;经获准使用 [Citation ends].
可以很容易地将羊水评估与脐动脉多普勒测速相结合,其中单个最深垂直羊水池优于羊水指数。
其他孕妇检查
全血细胞计数、血清肌酐以及肝功能检测 (LFT) 均为有价值的疾病进展指标,因此建议所有患者在初次尿液分析和胎儿评估后接受这些检查。血清肌酐升高提示潜在的肾脏疾病。尽管血清尿酸升高与重度子痫前期有关,但并不具备诊断价值。血小板降低和转氨酶水平升高对 HELLP 综合征有一定诊断价值。血小板计数是 HELLP 综合征严重程度分级的主要标准。若血小板计数 <100x10⁹/L,应进行全面的凝血筛查以及肝功能检查。如果血小板计数 ≥100x10^9/L,一般不建议进一步的凝血检查。
英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所 (NICE) 建议使用胎盘生长因子 (PlGF) 检测,以排除20周至34周加6天的孕妇子痫前期诊断(检测后14天内)。[35]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. PlGF-based testing to help diagnose suspected pre-eclampsia (Triage PlGF test, Elecsys immunoassay sFlt-1/PlGF ratio, DELFIA Xpress PlGF 1-2-3 test, and BRAHMS sFlt-1 Kryptor/BRAHMS PlGF plus Kryptor PE ratio). December 2018 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/dg23 一项集群随机对照试验报道,与PlGF结果呈隐性的产科单元(对照组)相比,可获取PlGF结果的产科单元临床团队诊断时间更短,严重母体不良结局发生率更低。[36]Duhig KE, Myers J, Seed PT, et al. Placental growth factor testing to assess women with suspected pre-eclampsia: a multicentre, pragmatic, stepped-wedge cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 19 Apr 1. pii: S0140-6736(18)33212-4.https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)33212-4/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30948284?tool=bestpractice.com 子痫前期的中位诊断时间为隐性检测4.1天,显性检测则为1.9天(时间比0.36,95%可信区间:0.15-0.87;p = 0.027)。隐性检测组447名女性中有24名(5%)报告了母体严重不良结局,而在显性检测组内,573名女性中有22名报告了母体严重不良结局(4%)(调整后比值比为0.32,95%可信区间:0.11至0.96;p = 0.043)。围产期结局未受影响。[36]Duhig KE, Myers J, Seed PT, et al. Placental growth factor testing to assess women with suspected pre-eclampsia: a multicentre, pragmatic, stepped-wedge cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 19 Apr 1. pii: S0140-6736(18)33212-4.https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)33212-4/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30948284?tool=bestpractice.com
NICE还推荐Elecsys免疫分析sFlt-1 / PlGF比率作为PlGF检测的替代方案,但传统的病史采集和体格检查依然最为重要。同样,仍然不清楚采用这些检查方案是否对围产期结局获益有任何帮助,因此,如上所述,需要进行胎儿健康评估。
子宫动脉多普勒检查对预测疾病发作的价值可能有限。[3]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hypertension in pregnancy: diagnosis and management. January 2011 [internet publication].http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg107[1]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Hypertension in pregnancy: report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Nov;122(5):1122-31.http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Task-Force-and-Work-Group-Reports/Hypertension-in-Pregnancyhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24150027?tool=bestpractice.com
静脉穿刺和抽血的动画演示