所有妊娠女性在妊娠期间均应接受规律随访,并且测量血压 (BP)。[4]US Preventive Services Task Force; Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, et al. Screening for preeclampsia: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2017 Apr 25;317(16):1661-7.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2620095http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28444286?tool=bestpractice.com 如果发现高血压(定义为血压 ≥140 mmHg 和/或 90 mmHg),必须进行尿液分析。[4]US Preventive Services Task Force; Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, et al. Screening for preeclampsia: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2017 Apr 25;317(16):1661-7.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2620095http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28444286?tool=bestpractice.com 如果持续存在,诊疗应当升级到评估中心或入住诊疗机构,这取决于检查结果和症状。 子宫动脉多普勒在预测疾病发生方面的价值可能有限,因而不建议作为筛查工具。[3]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hypertension in pregnancy: diagnosis and management. January 2011 [internet publication].http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg107[1]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Hypertension in pregnancy: report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Nov;122(5):1122-31.http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Task-Force-and-Work-Group-Reports/Hypertension-in-Pregnancyhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24150027?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Lowe SA, Bowyer L, Lust K, et al. SOMANZ guidelines for the management of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy 2014. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2015 Oct;55(5):e1-29.https://somanz.org/downloads/HTguidelineupdatedJune2015.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26412014?tool=bestpractice.com
先兆子痫的多因素特质限制了妊娠早期筛查方法的发展:例如,疾病遗传易感性的复杂性。反映胎盘发育情况的生物标志物筛查试验已经可以开展,例如sFlt-1:胎盘生长因子(PlGF)比率或单纯的PlGF,并且有证据支持采用 PlGF 作为诊断性检测。[36]Duhig KE, Myers J, Seed PT, et al. Placental growth factor testing to assess women with suspected pre-eclampsia: a multicentre, pragmatic, stepped-wedge cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 19 Apr 1. pii: S0140-6736(18)33212-4.https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)33212-4/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30948284?tool=bestpractice.com[35]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. PlGF-based testing to help diagnose suspected pre-eclampsia (Triage PlGF test, Elecsys immunoassay sFlt-1/PlGF ratio, DELFIA Xpress PlGF 1-2-3 test, and BRAHMS sFlt-1 Kryptor/BRAHMS PlGF plus Kryptor PE ratio). December 2018 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/dg23 探索敏感性、特异性和临界值的研究将有助于确定该类生物标志物作为筛查试验的临床应用。[39]Zeisler H, Llurba E, Chantraine F, et al. Predictive value of the sFlt-1:PlGF ratio in women with suspected preeclampsia. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jan 7;374(1):13-22.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1414838#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26735990?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Chappell LC, Duckworth S, Seed PT, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of placental growth factor in women with suspected preeclampsia: a prospective multicenter study. Circulation. 2013 Nov 5;128(19):2121-31.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/128/19/2121.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24190934?tool=bestpractice.com 有可能需要多种生物标志物的组合。[41]Kuc S, Wortelboer EJ, van Rijn BB, et al. Evaluation of 7 serum biomarkers and uterine artery Doppler ultrasound for first-trimester prediction of preeclampsia: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2011 Apr;66(4):225-39.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21756405?tool=bestpractice.com 联合使用生物标志物和母体病史的预测算法尚未显示出足够的敏感性,不足以推荐为临床使用。[41]Kuc S, Wortelboer EJ, van Rijn BB, et al. Evaluation of 7 serum biomarkers and uterine artery Doppler ultrasound for first-trimester prediction of preeclampsia: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2011 Apr;66(4):225-39.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21756405?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Skråstad RB, Hov GG, Blaas HG, et al. Risk assessment for preeclampsia in nulliparous women at 11-13 weeks gestational age: prospective evaluation of two algorithms. BJOG. 2015 Dec;122(13):1781-8.https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1471-0528.13194http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25471057?tool=bestpractice.com
在英国,发生子痫前期的患者至少有 50% 是通过产前保健筛查发现的。[24]Walker JJ. Pre-eclampsia. Lancet. 2000 Oct 7;356(9237):1260-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11072961?tool=bestpractice.com 然而在发展中国家的许多地方,由于缺乏筛查条件,就诊时大多数为急性发作。