有报道称尽管及时采用抗生素治疗,链球菌中毒性休克综合征 (TSS) 死亡率仍可达 30%-85%。[19]Stevens DL, Tanner MH, Winship J, et al. Severe group A streptococcal infections associated with a shock-like syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1989;321:1-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2659990?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Gaworzewska ET, Coleman G. Correspondence: group A streptococcal infections and a toxic shock-like syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1989;321:1546.[26]Ekelund K, Skinhoj P, Madsen J, et al. Reemergence of emm1 and a changed superantigen profile for group A streptococci causing invasive infections: results from a nationwide study. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:1789-1796.http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/content/full/43/4/1789http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15815000?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Davies HD, McGeer A, Schwartz B, et al. Invasive group A streptococcal infections in Ontario, Canada. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:547-554.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199608223350803http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8684408?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Demers B, Simor AE, Vellend H, et al. Severe invasive group A streptococcal infections in Ontario, Canada: 1987-1991. Clin Infect Dis. 1993;16:792-800.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8329511?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Stevens DL. Invasive group A streptococcus infections. Clin Infect Dis. 1992;14:2-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1571429?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Stegmayr B, Bjorck S, Holm S, et al. Septic shock induced by group A streptococcal infections: clinical and therapeutic aspects. Scand J Infect Dis. 1992;24:589-597.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1465576?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Kohler W. Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1990;272:257-264.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2184817?tool=bestpractice.com[100]Hasegawa T, Hashikawa SN, Nakamura T, et al. Factors determining prognosis in streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome: results of a nationwide investigation in Japan. Microbes Infect. 2004;6:1073-1077.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15380776?tool=bestpractice.com坏死性筋膜炎和 TSS 的死亡率更高。[19]Stevens DL, Tanner MH, Winship J, et al. Severe group A streptococcal infections associated with a shock-like syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1989;321:1-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2659990?tool=bestpractice.com休克是死亡最重要的预测指标。[101]Francis J, Warren RE. Streptococcus pyogenes bacteraemia in Cambridge: a review of 67 episodes. Q J Med. 1988;68:603-613.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3076677?tool=bestpractice.com高龄、低血压和多器官系统衰竭与死亡率升高显著相关。[20]Hoge CW, Schwartz DF, Talkington DF, et al. The changing epidemiology of invasive group A streptococcal infections and the emergence of streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome: a retrospective population-based study. JAMA. 1993;269:384-389 (erratum in: JAMA 1993;269:1638).http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8418346?tool=bestpractice.com
报道称非经期链球菌 TSS 的病死率为 5%。[41]Hajjeh RA, Reingold A, Weil A, et al. Toxic shock syndrome in the United States: surveillance update, 1979-1996. Emerg Infect Dis. 1999;5:807-810.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2640799/pdf/10603216.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10603216?tool=bestpractice.com有研究提示含有毒素(TSS 毒素-1 (TSST-1) 除外)的葡萄球菌 TSS 的死亡率更高。[101]Francis J, Warren RE. Streptococcus pyogenes bacteraemia in Cambridge: a review of 67 episodes. Q J Med. 1988;68:603-613.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3076677?tool=bestpractice.com葡萄球菌 TSS 的死亡率低于链球菌 TSS,且死亡通常由难治性心律失常类疾病、心肌病和呼吸衰竭引起。[18]Katz AR, Morens DM. Severe streptococcal infections in historical perspective. Clin Infect Dis. 1992;14:298-307.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1571445?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Braunstein H. Characteristics of group A streptococcal bacteremia in patients at the San Bernardino County Medical Center. Rev Infect Dis. 1991;13:8-11 (erratum in: Rev Infect Dis. 1991;13:533).http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2017638?tool=bestpractice.com目前经期病例的死亡率为 1.8%,而非经期病例相关的死亡率为 6%。[41]Hajjeh RA, Reingold A, Weil A, et al. Toxic shock syndrome in the United States: surveillance update, 1979-1996. Emerg Infect Dis. 1999;5:807-810.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2640799/pdf/10603216.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10603216?tool=bestpractice.com
入院体格检查和实验室检查值
一项回顾性研究将存活者的入院体格检查发现及实验室检查数值与死亡者做了对比。发现具有以下情况的患者死亡率较高:[99]Bongartz T, Sutton AJ, Sweeting MJ, et al. Anti-TNF antibody therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of serious infections and malignancies: systematic review and meta-analysis of rare harmful effects in randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2006;295:2275-2285.http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/295/19/2275http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16705109?tool=bestpractice.com
平均白细胞计数降低 ≤10 x 10^9/L (10,000 cells/mm^3)
平均血小板计数降低 ≤120 x 10^9/L (120,000/mm^3)
血清肌酐升高 ≥265.2 μmol/L (3 mg/dL)
体温过低,平均 ≤37°C (98.6°F)
平均动脉收缩压降低 ≤90 mmHg。