中毒性休克综合征

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3.  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Case definitions for infectious conditions under public health surveillance. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1997;46:1-55.

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15.  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. GAS frequently asked questions. May 2014. http://www.cdc.gov (last accessed 9 January 2017).

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18.  Katz AR, Morens DM. Severe streptococcal infections in historical perspective. Clin Infect Dis. 1992;14:298-307.

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21.  Wheeler MC, Roe MH, Kaplan EL, et al. Outbreak of group A streptococcus septicemia in children: clinical, epidemiologic, and microbiological correlates. JAMA. 1991;266:533-537.

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22.  Stevens DL. Streptococcal toxic-shock syndrome: spectrum of disease, pathogenesis, and new concepts in treatment. Emerg Infect Dis. 1995;1:69-78.

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23.  Stevens DL. The toxic shock syndromes. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1996;10:727-746.

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24.  Gaworzewska ET, Coleman G. Correspondence: group A streptococcal infections and a toxic shock-like syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1989;321:1546.

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26.  Ekelund K, Skinhoj P, Madsen J, et al. Reemergence of emm1 and a changed superantigen profile for group A streptococci causing invasive infections: results from a nationwide study. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:1789-1796.

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27.  Svensson N, Oberg S, Henriques B, et al. Invasive group A streptococcal infections in Sweden in 1994 and 1995: epidemiology and clinical spectrum. Scand J Infect Dis. 2000;32:609-614.

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28.  Kaul R, McGeer A, Low DE, et al. Population-based surveillance for group A streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis: clinical features, prognostic indicators, and microbiological analysis of seventy-seven cases. Am J Med. 1997;103:18-24.

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29.  Davies HD, McGeer A, Schwartz B, et al. Invasive group A streptococcal infections in Ontario, Canada. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:547-554.

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30.  Demers B, Simor AE, Vellend H, et al. Severe invasive group A streptococcal infections in Ontario, Canada: 1987-1991. Clin Infect Dis. 1993;16:792-800.

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31.  O'Brien KL, Levine OS, Schwartz B. The changing epidemiology of group A streptococcus infections. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis. 1997;8:10-16.

32.  Schwartz B, Elliot JA, Butler JC, et al. Clusters of invasive group A streptococcal infections in family, hospital, and nursing home settings. Clin Infect Dis. 1992;15:277-284.

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33.  Kakis A, Gibbs L, Eguia J, et al. An outbreak of group A streptococcal infection among health care workers. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35:1353-1359.

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34.  Auerbach SB, Schwartz B, Williams D, et al. Outbreak of invasive group A streptococcal infections in a nursing home: lessons on prevention and control. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152:1017-1022.

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35.  Hohenboken JJ, Anderson F, Kaplan EL. Invasive group A streptococcal (GAS) serotype M-1 outbreak in a long-term care facility (LTCF) with mortality. Paper presented at: 34th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; 1994; Orlando, FL.

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37.  Durand G, Bes M, Meugnier H, et al. Detection of new methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones containing the toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 gene responsible for hospital- and community-acquired infections in France. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44:847-853 (erratum at: J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44:3053).

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38.  Fey PD, Said-Salim B, Rupp ME, et al. Comparative molecular analysis of community- or hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003;47:196-203.

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39.  Todd J, Fishaut M, Kapral F, et al. Toxic-shock syndrome associated with phage-group-I staphylococci. Lancet. 1978;2:1116-1118.

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40.  Centers for Disease Control. Update: toxic shock syndrome, United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1983;32:398-400.

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41.  Hajjeh RA, Reingold A, Weil A, et al. Toxic shock syndrome in the United States: surveillance update, 1979-1996. Emerg Infect Dis. 1999;5:807-810.

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42.  Gaventa S, Reingold AL, Hightower AW, et al. Active surveillance for toxic shock syndrome in the United States, 1986. Rev Infect Dis. 1989;11(suppl 1):S28-S34.

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43.  Schwartz B, Gaventa S, Broome CV, et al. Nonmenstrual toxic shock syndrome associated with barrier contraceptives: report of a case-control study. Rev Infect Dis. 1989;11(suppl 1):S43-S48.

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44.  Stevens DL. Invasive group A streptococcus infections. Clin Infect Dis. 1992;14:2-11.

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45.  Tang WM, Ho PL, Yau WP, et al. Report of two fatal cases of adult necrotizing fasciitis and toxic shock syndrome caused by Streptococcus agalactiae. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31:15-17.

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46.  Kotb M. Bacterial pyrogenic exotoxins as superantigens. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1995;8:411-426.

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47.  Norrby-Teglund A, Thulin P, Gan BS, et al. Evidence for superantigen involvement in severe group A streptococcal tissue infections. J Infect Dis. 2001;184:853-860.

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48.  Stevens DL, Bryant AE, Hackett SP, et al. Group A streptococcal bacteremia: the role of tumor necrosis factor in shock and organ failure. J Infect Dis. 1996;173:619-626.

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49.  Stegmayr B, Bjorck S, Holm S, et al. Septic shock induced by group A streptococcal infections: clinical and therapeutic aspects. Scand J Infect Dis. 1992;24:589-597.

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50.  Holm SE, Norrby A, Bergholm AM, et al. Aspects of pathogenesis of serious group A streptococcal infections in Sweden, 1988-1989. J Infect Dis. 1992;166:31-37.

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51.  Eriksson BK, Andersson J, Holm SE, et al. Invasive group A streptococcal infections: T1M1 isolates expressing pyrogenic exotoxins A and B in combination with selective lack of toxin-neutralizing antibodies are associated with increased risk of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. J Infect Dis. 1999;180:410-418.

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52.  Norrby-Teglund A, Newton D, Kotb M, et al. Superantigenic properties of the group A streptococcal exotoxin SpeF (MF). Infect Immun. 1994;62:5227-5233.

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53.  Norrby-Teglund A, Kotb M. Host-microbe interactions in the pathogenesis of invasive group A streptococcal infections. J Med Microbiol. 2000;49:849-852.

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54.  Barry W, Hudgins L, Donta ST, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for toxic shock syndrome. JAMA. 1992;267:3315-3316.

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55.  Basma H, Norrby-Teglund A, Guedez Y, et al. Risk factors in the pathogenesis of invasive group A streptococcal infections: role of protective humoral immunity. Infect Immun. 1999;67:1871-1877.

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56.  Ato M, Ikebe T, Kawataba H, et al. Incompetence of neutrophils to invasive group A streptococcus is attributed to induction of plural virulence factors by dysfunction of a regulator. PLoS ONE. 2008;3:3455.

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57.  Kikuchi K, Takahashi N, Piao C, et al. Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains causing neonatal toxic shock syndrome-like exanthematous disease in neonatal and perinatal wards. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:3001-3006.

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58.  van der Mee-Marquet N, Lina G, Quentin R, et al. Staphylococcal exanthematous disease in a newborn due to a virulent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain containing the TSST-1 gene in Europe: an alert for neonatologists. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:4883-4884.

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59.  De Boer ML, Kum WW, Pang LT, et al. Co-production of staphylococcal enterotoxin A with toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) enhances TSST-1 mediated mortality in a D-galactosamine sensitized mouse model of lethal shock. Microb Pathog. 1999;27:61-70.

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60.  Lehn N, Schaller E, Wagner H, et al. Frequency of toxic shock syndrome toxin- and enterotoxin-producing clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1995;14:43-46.

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61.  Parsonnet J, Hansmann MA, Delaney ML, et al. Prevalence of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 producing Staphylococcus aureus and the presence of antibodies to this superantigen in menstruating women. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:4628-4634.

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62.  Bonventre PF, Thompson MR, Adinolfi LE, et al. Neutralization of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 by monoclonal antibodies in vitro and in vivo. Infect Immun. 1988;56:135-141.

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63.  O'Brien KL, Beall B, Barrett NL, et al. Epidemiology of invasive group A streptococcus disease in the United States, 1995-1999. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35:268-276.

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64.  Gourlay M, Gutierrez C, Chong A, et al. Group A streptococcal sepsis and ovarian vein thrombosis after an uncomplicated vaginal delivery. J Am Board Fam Pract. 2001;14:375-380.

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65.  Gergis H, Barik S, Lim K, et al. Life-threatening puerperal infection with group A streptococcus. J R Soc Med. 1999;92:412-413.

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66.  Okumura K, Schroff R, Campbell R, et al. Group A streptococcal puerperal sepsis with retroperitoneal involvement developing in a late postpartum woman: case report. Am Surg. 2004;70:730-732.

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67.  Agerson AN, Wilkins EG. Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome after breast reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg. 2005;54:553-556.

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68.  Reingold AL, Broome CV, Gaventa S, et al. Risk factors for menstrual toxic shock syndrome: results of a multistate case-control study. Rev Infect Dis. 1989;11(suppl 1):S35-S41.

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69.  Osterholm MT, Davis JP, Gibson RW, et al. Toxic shock syndrome: relation to catamenial products, personal health and hygiene, and sexual practices. Ann Intern Med. 1982;96:954-958.

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70.  Broome CV. Epidemiology of toxic shock syndrome in the United States: overview. Rev Infect Dis. 1989;11(suppl 1):S14-S21.

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71.  Strandberg KL, Peterson ML, Schaefers MM, et al. Reduction in Staphylococcus aureus growth and exotoxin production and in vaginal interleukin 8 levels due to glycerol monolaurate in tampons. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:1711-1717.

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72.  Rimailho A, Riou B, Richard C, et al. Fulminant necrotizing fasciitis and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Infect Dis. 1987;155:143-146.

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73.  Kanetake K, Hayashi M, Hino A, et al. Primary peritonitis associated with streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome: report of a case. Surg Today. 2004;34:1053-1056.

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74.  Tseng HW, Liu CC, Wang SM, et al. Complications of varicella in children: emphasis on skin and central nervous system disorders. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2000;33:248-252.

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75.  Effler PV, Bogard AK, Domen HY, et al. Evaluation of eight rapid screening tests for acute leptospirosis in Hawaii. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:1464-1469.

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76.  De Backer D, Aldecoa C, Njimi H, et al. Dopamine versus norepinephrine in the treatment of septic shock: a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2012;40:725-730.

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78.  Nguyen HB, Rivers EP, Abrahamian FM, et al. Severe sepsis and septic shock: review of the literature and emergency department management guidelines. Ann Emerg Med. 2006;48:28-54.

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79.  Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, at al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39:165-228.

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82.  American Academy of Pediatrics. Severe invasive group A streptococcal infection: a subject review. Pediatrics. 1998;101:136-140.

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87.  Richter SS, Heilmann KP, Beekmann SE, et al. Macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes in the Unites States, 2002-2003. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:599-608.

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90.  Chiu Ch, Ou JT, Chang KS, et al. Successful treatment of severe streptococcal toxic shock syndrome with a combination of intravenous immunoglobulin, dexamethasone and antibiotics. Infection. 1997;25:47-48.

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98.  Tibbles PM, Edelsberg JS. Hyperbaric-oxygen therapy. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:1642-1648.

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102.  Braunstein H. Characteristics of group A streptococcal bacteremia in patients at the San Bernardino County Medical Center. Rev Infect Dis. 1991;13:8-11 (erratum in: Rev Infect Dis. 1991;13:533).

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103.  Ejlersten T, Prag J, Pettersson E, et al. A 7-month outbreak of relapsing postpartum group A streptococcal infections linked to a nurse with atopic dermatitis. Scand J Infect Dis. 2001;33:734-737.

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106.  Tanz RR, Poncher JR, Corydon KE, et al. Clindamycin treatment of chronic pharyngeal carriage of group a streptococci. J Pediatr. 1991;119:123-128.

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107.  Gertner M, Rodriguez L, Barnett SH, et al. Group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus and Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1992;11:595-596.

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108.  Givner LB. Invasive disease due to group A beta-hemolytic streptococci: continued occurrence in children in North Carolina. South Med J. 1998;91:333-337.

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