对于所有原发性胆汁性胆管炎 (PBC) 患者,应考虑两个治疗目标。
减慢或阻止疾病的进展,以防止肝硬化及其并发症的进展(如果肝硬化已经存在,管理这些并发症及其导致的生命危险)。
提高患者的生活质量需要控制疾病的症状。在一定程度上改善疾病的进展并不能改善症状(反之亦然),因此适当的症状管理联合治疗管理非常重要。
PBC的治疗需要综合的管理。[36]Jones DE, Sutcliffe K, Pairman J, et al. An integrated care pathway improves quality of life in primary biliary cirrhosis. QJM. 2008;101:535-543.http://qjmed.oxfordjournals.org/content/101/7/535.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18388154?tool=bestpractice.com
PBC的确诊可使此疾病得到更多的关注,因为肝脏疾病的诊断是比较困难的(关注患者的生活方式是有帮助的,这种情况并不适用于PBC),并更加关注对生命有风险和对肝移植需求的情况。目前确诊为PBC的大多数患者中(因为临床医生较前更重视这个疾病,而且血清检测较前更容易获得),仅发现PBC的病情进展是比较缓慢的。跟患者讨论疾病的治疗时需要关注到这个疾病本身进展比较缓慢这一点。但也有例外的情况,有小部分患者疾病进展是比较快的,但在疾病初期是比较难判断的。所以花费时间与PBC患者讨论这个疾病的诊断和并发症是必要的。
改善疾病的进展
有两种被批准的治疗用于改善疾病进展。适用于所有患者的一线治疗药物是熊去氧胆酸。疾病预后:以熊去氧胆酸与安慰剂相比,熊去氧胆酸是否延缓疾病的进展,证据不统一。对熊去氧胆酸的个体反应差异可能是出现相互矛盾的结果的原因。[37]Carbone M, Mells G, Pells G, et al. Sex and age are determinants of the clinical phenotype of primary biliary cirrhosis and response to ursodeoxycholic acid. Gastroenterology 2013;144:560-569.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23246637?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Pares A, Caballeria L, Rodes J, et al. Long-term effects of ursodeoxycholic acid in primary biliary cirrhosis: results of a double-blind controlled multicentric trial. J Hepatol. 2000;32:561-566.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10782903?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Poupon RE, Poupon R, Balkau B. Ursodiol for the long-term treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:1342-1347.http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/330/19/1342http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8152446?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Heathcote EJ, Cauch-Dudek K, Walker V, et al. The Canadian Multicenter Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial of ursodeoxycholic acid in primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology. 1994;19:1149-1156.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8175136?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Lindor KD, Dickson ER, Baldus WP, et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 1994;106:1284-1290.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8174890?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Combes B, Carithers RL Jr, Maddrey WC, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ursodeoxycholic acid in primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology. 1995;22:759-766.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7657280?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Poupon RE, Lindor KD, Cauch-Dudek K, et al. Combined analysis of randomized controlled trials of ursodeoxycholic acid in primary biliary cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 1997;113:884-890.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9287980?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Goulis J, Leandro G, Burroughs AK. Randomised controlled trials of ursodeoxycholic-acid therapy for primary biliary cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 1999;355:1053-1060.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10509495?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Poupon RE, Lindor KD, Pares A, et al. Combined analysis of the effect of treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid on histologic progression in primary biliary cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2003;39:12-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12821038?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Gong Y, Huang Z, Christensen E, et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid for patients with primary biliary cirrhosis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials using Bayesian approach as sensitivity analyses. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:1799-1807.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17459023?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Rudic JS, Poropat G, Krstic MN, et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid for primary biliary cirrhosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(12):CD000551.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23235576?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Shi J, Wu C, Lin Y, et al. Long-term effects of mid-dose ursodeoxycholic acid in primary biliary cirrhosis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:1529-1538.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16863557?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。专家的共识是,熊去氧胆酸可以使患者获益,且安全性很高,因而推荐用于所有患者,以改善疾病进展。但是,也有高达30%的患者在应用熊去氧胆酸后并没有在生化学上得到明显的改善,且增加了死亡或需要肝移植的风险。[37]Carbone M, Mells G, Pells G, et al. Sex and age are determinants of the clinical phenotype of primary biliary cirrhosis and response to ursodeoxycholic acid. Gastroenterology 2013;144:560-569.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23246637?tool=bestpractice.com年龄小于50岁的患者更容易对治疗无反应。[37]Carbone M, Mells G, Pells G, et al. Sex and age are determinants of the clinical phenotype of primary biliary cirrhosis and response to ursodeoxycholic acid. Gastroenterology 2013;144:560-569.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23246637?tool=bestpractice.com
奥贝胆酸是一种二线的胆汁酸类似物,由于具有法尼醇 X 受体 (farnesoid X receptor, FXR) 激动剂性质,因而与熊去氧胆酸相比,作用更多。它已获准与熊去氧胆酸联合使用以治疗那些对熊去氧胆酸反应不足的成人 PBC 患者,或者以单药治疗的形式用于无法耐受熊去氧胆酸的成人患者。在某些病例中,无反应反映出存在更为明显的炎症过程,且具有自身免疫性肝炎的一些典型特征,通常有血清免疫球蛋白 G 水平显著升高的患者可能会获益于额外的皮质类固醇和硫唑嘌呤免疫调节疗法(用法与治疗自身免疫性肝炎时相同)。[10]Ben-Ari Z, Czaja AJ. Autoimmune hepatitis and its variant syndromes. Gut. 2001;49:589-594.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1728469/pdf/v049p00589.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11559660?tool=bestpractice.com
目前对贝特类药物在PBC的治疗效果还没有足够的证据。在推荐贝特类药物治疗PBC之前,设计良好的、足够有效的随机对照试验是必需的。[49]Rudic JS, Poropat G, Krstic MN, et al. Bezafibrate for primary biliary cirrhosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(1):CD009145.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009145.pub2/abstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22259000?tool=bestpractice.com
对于晚期疾病的管理
跟其他的肝硬化一样,确定疾病的终末期对疾病的对症处理及预后管理非常有用。PBC可并发静脉曲张破裂出血,甚至在肝硬化出现之前都会出现曲张静脉破裂出血,但患者具有较好的耐受性。[50]Gores GJ, Wiesner RH, Dickson ER, et al. Prospective evaluation of esophageal varices in primary biliary cirrhosis: development, natural history, and influence on survival. Gastroenterology. 1989;96:1552-1559.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2785470?tool=bestpractice.com与其他原因引起的肝硬化相比,PBC患者发生肝癌的几率很小,主要是因为PBC的患者女性居多。[51]Jones DE, Metcalf JV, Collier JD, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in primary biliary cirrhosis and its impact on outcomes. Hepatology. 1997;26:1138-1142.http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/106594842/PDFSTARThttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9362353?tool=bestpractice.com像其他病因引起的肝硬化一样,PBC的患者也应该对伴发食管静脉曲张和肝癌的患者进行筛查。[52]Bressler B, Pinto R, El-Ashry D, et al. Which patients with primary biliary cirrhosis or primary sclerosing cholangitis should undergo endoscopic screening for oesophageal varices detection? Gut. 2005;54:407-410.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=15710991http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15710991?tool=bestpractice.com对于晚期患者来说,肝移植是一种有效的治疗方法,对这部分患者来说,手术的风险并不大于预期的收益。[53]Liermann Garcia RF, Evangalista Garcia C, McMaster P, et al. Transplantation for primary biliary cirrhosis: retrospective analysis of 400 patients in a single center. Hepatology. 2001;33:22-27.http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/106597077/PDFSTARThttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11124816?tool=bestpractice.com现在关于PBC可在移植后的肝脏复发的观点已经得到了公认。目前还没有关于移植术后复发PBC治疗的指导方法。