第一选择
熊去氧胆酸
:
10-15mg/kg/天,分2-4次口服给药
第二选择
奥贝胆酸
:
轻度肝损害:起始剂量 5 mg,口服,每日一次,3 个月后根据反应和耐受性增加剂量,每日最大剂量不超过 10 mg;中至重度肝损害:起始剂量 5 mg,口服,每周一次,3 个月后根据反应和耐受性增加到 5-10 mg,每周两次(至少间隔 3 天)
更多
奥贝胆酸
在接受的给药频率超过建议频率的某些中至重度肝损害患者中,已有关于严重肝损害和死亡的报道。在某些接受正确剂量的轻度疾病患者中,奥贝胆酸也引起过肝损害。在开始治疗前,应当测定基线肝功能,在治疗期间监测患者是否发生疾病进展,如果有必要,则减量。如果怀疑肝损伤,应当停药。[69] US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA warns about serious liver injury with Ocaliva (obeticholic acid) for rare chronic liver disease. September 2017. https://www.fda.gov/ (last accessed 22 September 2017).Full text
和
熊去氧胆酸
:
10-15mg/kg/天,分2-4次口服给药
或
奥贝胆酸
:
轻度肝损害:起始剂量 5 mg,口服,每日一次,3 个月后根据反应和耐受性增加剂量,每日最大剂量不超过 10 mg;中至重度肝损害:起始剂量 5 mg,口服,每周一次,3 个月后根据反应和耐受性增加到 5-10 mg,每周两次(至少间隔 3 天)
更多
奥贝胆酸
在接受的给药频率超过建议频率的某些中至重度肝损害患者中,已有关于严重肝损害和死亡的报道。在某些接受正确剂量的轻度疾病患者中,奥贝胆酸也引起过肝损害。在开始治疗前,应当测定基线肝功能,在治疗期间监测患者是否发生疾病进展,如果有必要,则减量。如果怀疑肝损伤,应当停药。[69] US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA warns about serious liver injury with Ocaliva (obeticholic acid) for rare chronic liver disease. September 2017. https://www.fda.gov/ (last accessed 22 September 2017).Full text
对于所有根据流行病学标准被确诊或拟诊为原发性胆汁性胆管炎 (PBC) 的患者,在建立诊断后,应通过使用熊去氧胆酸或奥贝胆酸的胆汁酸疗法进行治疗。
治疗是长期的过程,当长期持续应用这些治疗时患者可以在减缓或阻止进展到晚期肝病方面获益。疾病预后:以熊去氧胆酸与安慰剂相比,熊去氧胆酸是否延缓疾病的进展,证据不统一。对熊去氧胆酸的个体反应差异可能是出现相互矛盾的结果的原因。[37]Carbone M, Mells G, Pells G, et al. Sex and age are determinants of the clinical phenotype of primary biliary cirrhosis and response to ursodeoxycholic acid. Gastroenterology 2013;144:560-569.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23246637?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Pares A, Caballeria L, Rodes J, et al. Long-term effects of ursodeoxycholic acid in primary biliary cirrhosis: results of a double-blind controlled multicentric trial. J Hepatol. 2000;32:561-566.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10782903?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Poupon RE, Poupon R, Balkau B. Ursodiol for the long-term treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:1342-1347.http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/330/19/1342http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8152446?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Heathcote EJ, Cauch-Dudek K, Walker V, et al. The Canadian Multicenter Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial of ursodeoxycholic acid in primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology. 1994;19:1149-1156.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8175136?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Lindor KD, Dickson ER, Baldus WP, et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 1994;106:1284-1290.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8174890?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Combes B, Carithers RL Jr, Maddrey WC, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ursodeoxycholic acid in primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology. 1995;22:759-766.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7657280?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Poupon RE, Lindor KD, Cauch-Dudek K, et al. Combined analysis of randomized controlled trials of ursodeoxycholic acid in primary biliary cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 1997;113:884-890.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9287980?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Goulis J, Leandro G, Burroughs AK. Randomised controlled trials of ursodeoxycholic-acid therapy for primary biliary cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 1999;355:1053-1060.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10509495?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Poupon RE, Lindor KD, Pares A, et al. Combined analysis of the effect of treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid on histologic progression in primary biliary cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2003;39:12-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12821038?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Gong Y, Huang Z, Christensen E, et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid for patients with primary biliary cirrhosis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials using Bayesian approach as sensitivity analyses. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:1799-1807.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17459023?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Rudic JS, Poropat G, Krstic MN, et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid for primary biliary cirrhosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(12):CD000551.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23235576?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Shi J, Wu C, Lin Y, et al. Long-term effects of mid-dose ursodeoxycholic acid in primary biliary cirrhosis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:1529-1538.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16863557?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
超过 30% 的患者在应用了熊去氧胆酸后没有在生化学上获得适当的改善,这部分患者将来死于 PBC 或需要肝移植的风险大大增加。[37]Carbone M, Mells G, Pells G, et al. Sex and age are determinants of the clinical phenotype of primary biliary cirrhosis and response to ursodeoxycholic acid. Gastroenterology 2013;144:560-569.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23246637?tool=bestpractice.com年龄小于50岁的患者更容易对治疗无反应。[37]Carbone M, Mells G, Pells G, et al. Sex and age are determinants of the clinical phenotype of primary biliary cirrhosis and response to ursodeoxycholic acid. Gastroenterology 2013;144:560-569.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23246637?tool=bestpractice.com
熊去氧胆酸可引起恶心或体重增加,但没有显著的副作用。[67]Siegel JL, Jorgensen R, Angulo P, et al. Treatment of ursodeoxycholic acid is associated with weight gain in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2003;37:183-185.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12869893?tool=bestpractice.com改变药物的给药方式(缓慢加量,或从晚间顿服改为白天多次服用或反之亦然)可以改善患者对药物的耐受。治疗必须与考来烯胺用药有一定的时间间隔(至少 4 小时),以免两种药相互结合,从而使这两种药的疗效减弱。
奥贝胆酸是一种二线的胆汁酸类似物,由于具有 FXR 激动剂性质,因而与熊去氧胆酸相比,作用更多。此药已获准与熊去氧胆酸联合使用以治疗对熊去氧胆酸反应不足的成人 PBC 患者,或以单药治疗的形式用于无法耐受熊去氧胆酸的成人患者。关键试验使用碱性磷酸酶>1.67 倍正常范围上限和/或胆红素>正常范围上限作为入组标准,因而,对于临床实践,这是对熊去氧胆酸反应不足的恰当定义。[68]Nevens F, Andreone P, Mazzella G, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of obeticholic acid in primary biliary cholangitis. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:631-643.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27532829?tool=bestpractice.com它可诱发瘙痒或加重既往存在的瘙痒,因而在有瘙痒的情况下,应谨慎使用。