总的来说,由于从关键部位(例如骶髂关节)获取组织的难度较大,并且本病的进展较慢,所以有关 AS 的病理生理学知识十分有限。然而,一些关键性的研究有助于阐明该病的发病机制。[39]Loddenkemper K, Burmester GR. What is the rank of RANKL in spondylarthritis? Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Mar;58(3):641-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18311809?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Vandooren B, Cantaert T, Noordenbos T, et al. The abundant synovial expression of the RANK/RANKL/Osteoprotegerin system in peripheral spondylarthritis is partially disconnected from inflammation. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Mar;58(3):718-29.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18311801?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Sieper J, Appel H, Braun J, et al. Critical appraisal of assessment of structural damage in ankylosing spondylitis: implications for treatment outcomes. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Mar;58(3):649-56.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18311819?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Schett G, Landewe R, van der Heijde D. Tumour necrosis factor blockers and structural remodelling in ankylosing spondylitis: what is reality and what is fiction? Ann Rheum Dis. 2007 Jun;66(6):709-11.http://ard.bmj.com/content/66/6/709.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17513569?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Lee YH, Song GG. Associations between ERAP1 polymorphisms and susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis: a meta-analysis. Clin Rheumatol. 2016 Aug;35(8):2009-25.https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10067-016-3287-9http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27108589?tool=bestpractice.com
与病理过程仅有炎症和侵蚀的类风湿关节炎不同。AS涉及到炎症、软骨侵蚀,此外还有后续的修复过程(骨化)。 AS患者中轴关节的炎症最初以单核细胞浸润,破骨细胞数量增加为主。[43]Cruickshank B. Lesions of cartilaginous joints in ankylosing spondylitis. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1956 Jan;71(1):73-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13307336?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Ball J. Enthesopathy of rheumatoid and ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1971 May;30(3):213-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1005760/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4103800?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Aufdermaur M. Pathogenesis of square bodies in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1989 Aug;48(8):628-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1003836/pdf/annrheumd00430-0012.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2782972?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Appel H, Kuhne M, Spiekermann S, et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of hip arthritis in ankylosing spondylitis: evaluation of the bone-cartilage interface and subchondral bone marrow. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Jun;54(6):1805-13.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.21907/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16736521?tool=bestpractice.com 研究者发现AS患者体内骨重吸收标记物的水平升高,尤其是对于疾病活动的患者,这可能是导致骨小梁骨质显著流失的原因。[47]Gratacos J, Collado A, Pons F, et al. Significant loss of bone mass in patients with early, active ankylosing spondylitis: a followup study. Arthritis Rheum. 1999 Nov;42(11):2319-24.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1529-0131%28199911%2942:11%3C2319::AID-ANR9%3E3.0.CO;2-G/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10555026?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Toussirot E, Ricard-Blum S, Dumoulin G, et al. Relationship between urinary pyridinium cross-links, disease activity and disease subsets of ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 1999 Jan;38(1):21-7.http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/content/38/1/21.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10334678?tool=bestpractice.com 炎症起始于骨与软骨的交界面,这有利地证实了MRI研究的发现。
免疫组织化学研究发现炎性骶髂关节中存在大量T细胞以及巨噬细胞。[49]Bollow M, Fischer T, Reisshauer H, et al. Quantitative analyses of sacroiliac biopsies in spondyloarthropathies: T cells and macrophages predominate in early and active sacroiliitis-cellularity correlates with the degree of enhancement detected by magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Rheum Dis. 2000 Feb;59(2):135-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1753076/pdf/v059p00135.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10666170?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,对处于疾病活动期患者的骶髂关节进行活检,结果显示有大量的肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α的蛋白质及mRNA。[50]François RJ, Neure L, Sieper J, et al. Immunohistological examination of open sacroiliac biopsies of patients with ankylosing spondylitis: detection of tumour necrosis factor alpha in two patients with early disease and transforming growth factor beta in three more advanced cases. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006 Jun;65(6):713-20.https://ard.bmj.com/content/65/6/713.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16249231?tool=bestpractice.com 更多基于MRI和组织活检标本的近期研究发现了小关节有持续炎症的证据,这与MRI上发现的骨髓水肿相一致。[51]Appel H, Kuhne M, Spiekermann S, et al. Immunohistologic analysis of zygapophyseal joints in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Sep;54(9):2845-51.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.22060/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16947385?tool=bestpractice.com 尽管用TNF-α抑制剂进行治疗,这种亚临床炎症也可以持续存在。[52]François RJ, Gardner DL, Degrave EJ, et al. Histopathologic evidence that sacroiliitis in ankylosing spondylitis is not merely enthesitis. Arthritis Rheum. 2000 Sep;43(9):2011-24.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1529-0131%28200009%2943:9%3C2011::AID-ANR12%3E3.0.CO;2-Y/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11014351?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Zochling J, Baraliakos X, Hermann KG, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in ankylosing spondylitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2007 Jul;19(4):346-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17551364?tool=bestpractice.com 有假说提出炎症本身可以抑制骨质增生,但这也是新骨形成的必要前提。这种矛盾的观点十分重要,对于选择AS的治疗方法以及预期可用药物疗效有一定影响,如TNF-α抑制剂可以强有力的抑制炎症,但似乎不影响骨的形成。[54]van der Heijde DM, Landewe RB, Ory P, et al. Two-year etanercept therapy does not inhibit radiographic progression in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. EULAR Congress Abstract OP0090. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65(suppl II):81.http://www.abstracts2view.com/eular/view.php?nu=EULAR06L_2006OP0090&terms=[55]van der Heijde D, Landewe R, Deoadar A, et al. Radiographic progression in patients with ankylosing spondylitis after 2 years of treatment not inhibited with infliximab. EULAR Congress Abstract OP0111. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66(suppl II):85.http://scientific.sparx-ip.net/archiveeular/?c=a&searchfor=%E2%80%8BRadiographic%20progression%20in%20patients%20with%20ankylosing%20spondylitis%20after%202%20years%20of%20treatment%20not%20inhibited%20with%20infliximab%E2%80%8B&view=1&item=2007OP0111
在类风湿关节炎及脊柱关节病的患者(部分患有AS),外周关节的滑膜炎有相似特征。 核因子kB受体活化因子(RANK)、RANK配体以及骨保护素(骨重吸收中心的所有成份)的表达导致了这两种疾病中破骨细胞的激活以及骨侵蚀的发生。[39]Loddenkemper K, Burmester GR. What is the rank of RANKL in spondylarthritis? Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Mar;58(3):641-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18311809?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Vandooren B, Cantaert T, Noordenbos T, et al. The abundant synovial expression of the RANK/RANKL/Osteoprotegerin system in peripheral spondylarthritis is partially disconnected from inflammation. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Mar;58(3):718-29.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18311801?tool=bestpractice.com AS 的额外骨质增生过程(愈合性骨炎)导致了纤维环外层纤维的骨化,为韧带骨赘的典型表现。这说明该途径可能不是导致 AS 骨形成的最重要的通路,支持了炎症反应和新骨形成并非伴随过程的理论。有关骨的生物学研究证实,通过 TNF 的介导,Wnt(参与成骨细胞形成的一种分子,是 Dkk-1 信号的天然抑制剂)的上调可能是新骨形成的重要原因。[56]LaSalle SP, Deodhar AA. Appropriate management of axial spondyloarthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2007 Oct;9(5):375-82.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17915093?tool=bestpractice.com 这对AS的治疗可能有重要意义。[41]Sieper J, Appel H, Braun J, et al. Critical appraisal of assessment of structural damage in ankylosing spondylitis: implications for treatment outcomes. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Mar;58(3):649-56.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18311819?tool=bestpractice.com