AS的治疗方案十分有限,现今尚没有能诱导缓解或显著延缓关节融合的治疗方法。 同样对于预测AS的可能病程能力尚有限。 已知的在早期脊柱关节病阶段可预测脊柱影像学进展的因素包括:基线期影像学上观察到韧带骨赘形成、ESR或CRP水平升高、吸烟。[82]Poddubnyy D, Haibel H, Listing J, et al. Baseline radiographic damage, elevated acute-phase reactant levels, and cigarette smoking status predict spinal radiographic progression in early axial spondylarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2012 May;64(5):1388-98.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22127957?tool=bestpractice.com 因此,对于有这些危险因素的患者,考虑规律使用 NSAID 进行治疗以及鼓励禁烟尤为重要。
强直性脊柱炎评估国际工作组 (The Assessment in Ankylosing Spondylitis, ASAS) 以及欧洲抗风湿病联盟 (European League Against Rheumatism, EULAR) 共同发表了 AS 的管理推荐,包括一般性推荐以及有关特定治疗类型的推荐。[83]Zochling J, van der Heijde D, Burgos-Vargas R, et al; 'Assessment in AS' international working group; European League Against Rheumatism. ASAS/EULAR recommendations for the management of ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006 Apr;65(4):442-52.https://ard.bmj.com/content/65/4/442.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16126791?tool=bestpractice.com 关于患者的整体管理,ASAS/EULAR推荐AS的治疗如下:
应联合药物与非药物疗法为患者提供最佳的治疗方案。
ASAS/EULAR对于特殊治疗的推荐在以下单独列出,有所补充。
概括的说:
推荐的非药物治疗包括物理疗法及患者教育
多数患者依赖各种形式的药物治疗,药物干预可包括NSAIDs,关节内注射糖皮质激素,改善病情抗风湿药(DMARDs),肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)a抑制剂,以及帕米膦酸二钠(一种二膦酸盐)
某些患者需进行手术治疗,如全髋关节置换术或脊柱手术。[84]Etame AB, Than KD, Wang AC, et al. Surgical management of symptomatic cervical or cervicothoracic kyphosis due to ankylosing spondylitis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008 Jul 15;33(16):E559-64.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18628698?tool=bestpractice.com
物理治疗
物理疗法对于一部分AS患者改善及维持症状十分重要:[85]Kraag G, Stokes B, Groh J, et al. The effects of comprehensive home physiotherapy and supervision on patients with ankylosing spondylitis - a randomized controlled trial. J Rheumatol. 1990 Feb;17(2):228-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2181127?tool=bestpractice.com
基于家庭的治疗以及监督下的住院运动项目可能优于不干预的情况,而监督下的项目优于家庭治疗项目。各种证据均显示,经过一段时间强化物理疗法后,患者的结局指标均维持缓解。一些研究显示强化物理疗法可维持缓解达 15 个月,然而其他研究显示没有持续获益。有证据支持水疗对 AS 也有效。[86]Falagas ME, Zarkadoulia E, Rafailidis PI. The therapeutic effect of balneotherapy: evaluation of the evidence from randomised controlled trials. Int J Clin Pract. 2009 Jul;63(7):1068-84.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02062.xhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19570124?tool=bestpractice.com 有证据表明,呼吸肌训练可以在短期内改善胸部扩张、有氧能力、静息肺功能和通气效率,但还需要对这些策略进行进一步长期评估。[87]Drăgoi RG, Amaricai E, Drăgoi M, et al. Inspiratory muscle training improves aerobic capacity and pulmonary function in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a randomized controlled study. Clin Rehabil. 2016 Apr;30(4):340-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25810425?tool=bestpractice.com 有氧训练已被证明可以改善步行距离和有氧能力,但与单独的伸展运动相比,似乎并没有对功能性、活动性、疾病活动度、生活质量或血脂水平带来额外获益。[88]Jennings F, Oliveira HA, de Souza MC, et al. Effects of aerobic training in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol. 2015 Dec;42(12):2347-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26523029?tool=bestpractice.com
重要的是,应注意到,文献中给出的住院运动项目的内容及持续时间各不相同。 针对物理疗法项目的评价产生了一个方法学问题,各种项目差别很大,很难控制一些混杂因素。 然而,一篇代表土耳其风湿病专家和物理治疗师观点的文献综述和共识声明试图解释这一问题,给出了6个关键性建议,指导AS患者应用物理疗法进行早期干预,早期以及随诊时的评估和监测,禁忌证以及注意事项,物理疗法的关键建议、锻炼。[89]Ozgocmen S, Akgul O, Altay Z, et al. Expert opinion and key recommendations for the physical therapy and rehabilitation of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Int J Rheum Dis. 2012 Jun;15(3):229-38.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1756-185X.2011.01700.xhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22709485?tool=bestpractice.com
对患者的教育
患者教育十分重要,需要不断强调日常伸展练习及锻炼项目的重要性。 一个对照试验给出的证据显示对患者进行教育可使患者的功能在短期内获益,但是对于疼痛的影响尚无研究。[83]Zochling J, van der Heijde D, Burgos-Vargas R, et al; 'Assessment in AS' international working group; European League Against Rheumatism. ASAS/EULAR recommendations for the management of ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006 Apr;65(4):442-52.https://ard.bmj.com/content/65/4/442.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16126791?tool=bestpractice.com
患者自助小组以及协会对疾病预后的影响尚无相关研究,但是患者可能发现国际强直性脊柱炎小组(NASS)可使患者通过获得附加信息与支持、参加当地协会分支机构的小组练习而获益。
心血管疾病风险的管理
尽管对AS心血管疾病的发病率及病死率的研究较有限,它的标准化死亡率较普通人群高(约1.7倍)。[90]Peters MJ, van der Horst-Bruinsma IE, Dijkmans BA, et al. Cardiovascular risk profile of patients with spondylarthropathies, particularly ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Dec;34(3):585-92.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15609262?tool=bestpractice.com 这很大程度上归因于严重的心血管病变,尤其是缺血性心脏病(IHD)。 然而,探究心脑血管疾病风险的回顾性队列研究所得的结论相互矛盾。 有一研究结果显示急性心肌梗死或卒中的比例并不增高。[91]Brophy S, Cooksey R, Atkinson M, et al. No increased rate of acute myocardial infarction or stroke among patients with ankylosing spondylitis - a retrospective cohort study using routine data. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2012 Oct;42(2):140-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22494565?tool=bestpractice.com 其他研究(包括一项 meta 分析)显示,脑血管及各种心血管疾病(包括主动脉及非主动脉心脏瓣膜病、缺血性心脏病 [IHD] 及充血性心力衰竭 [CHF])的发病风险增高,尤其是较年轻的 AS 患者。[92]Szabo SM, Levy AR, Rao SR, et al. Increased risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in individuals with ankylosing spondylitis: a population-based study. Arthritis Rheum. 2011 Nov;63(11):3294-304.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21834064?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Mathieu S, Gossec L, Dougados M, et al. Cardiovascular profile in ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011 Apr;63(4):557-63.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20890982?tool=bestpractice.com[94]Haroon NN, Paterson JM, Li P, et al. Patients with ankylosing spondylitis have increased cardiovascular and cerebrovascular mortality: a population-based study. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Sep 15;163(6):409-1.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26258401?tool=bestpractice.com
动脉粥样硬化加速的原因可能是传统心血管疾病发病风险因素增加、残疾导致的运动能力下降或炎症活动。[90]Peters MJ, van der Horst-Bruinsma IE, Dijkmans BA, et al. Cardiovascular risk profile of patients with spondylarthropathies, particularly ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Dec;34(3):585-92.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15609262?tool=bestpractice.com[91]Brophy S, Cooksey R, Atkinson M, et al. No increased rate of acute myocardial infarction or stroke among patients with ankylosing spondylitis - a retrospective cohort study using routine data. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2012 Oct;42(2):140-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22494565?tool=bestpractice.com 炎症可使AS患者的血脂发生异常的改变。[95]van Halm VP, van Denderen JC, Peters MJ, et al. Increased disease activity is associated with a deteriorated lipid profile in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006 Nov;65(11):1473-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1798360/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16644785?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,即使在健康人群中,CRP升高也是心血管疾病发病的独立危险因素。[96]Ridker PM, Rifai N, Rose L, et al. Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2002 Nov 14;347(20):1557-65.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa021993#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12432042?tool=bestpractice.com 文献报道,AS患者的微血管功能发生改变,经抗TNF-a治疗后有所改善。[97]van Eijk IC, Peters MJ, Serné EH, et al. Microvascular function is impaired in ankylosing spondylitis and improves after tumour necrosis factor alpha blockade. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009 Mar;68(3):362-6.https://ard.bmj.com/content/68/3/362.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18390569?tool=bestpractice.com
所有的AS患者应该常规评估心血管疾病的发病风险;需积极控制可纠正的危险因素;应将炎性疾病控制到最佳状态。 欧洲抗风湿联盟(EULAR)为炎性关节炎(包括AS)相关的心血管危险因素的建议[98]Peters MJ, Symmons DP, McCarey D, et al. EULAR evidence-based recommendations for cardiovascular risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010 Feb;69(2):325-31.https://ard.bmj.com/content/69/2/325.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19773290?tool=bestpractice.com
降低心血管疾病发病风险的方法包括控制传统的危险因素(包括吸烟、高血压、高血脂、糖尿病),以及潜在炎性疾病的优化治疗。
AS 患者应至少每 5 年进行一次心血管疾病风险评估,并应在抗风湿治疗发生重大变化后考虑予以评估。对于具有心血管疾病高风险的患者,可根据主治临床医生的合理判断进行更频繁的复查。
如果没有国家心血管疾病 (CVD) 风险评估指南,可以使用 SCORE 心血管疾病风险预测模型对患者进行评估。[99]Conroy RM, Pyörälä K, Fitzgerald AP, et al.; SCORE project group. Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project. Eur Heart J. 2003 Jun;24(11):987-1003.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12788299?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,心血管疾病风险的评估应包含总胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水,在理想情况下,医生应在疾病活动度稳定或病情缓解时进行评估。
应提供生活方式推荐,包括饮食和戒烟。
应根据治疗特定的推荐开具 NSAID。
患者应接受有关戒烟重要性的教育和建议,二者均可改变他们的心血管风险,又能降低影像学进展的风险,[100]Villaverde-García V, Cobo-Ibáñez T, Candelas-Rodríguez G, et al. The effect of smoking on clinical and structural damage in patients with axial spondyloarthritis: a systematic literature review. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2017 Apr;46(5):569-83.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27979416?tool=bestpractice.com 并在适当情况下优化个体对抗 TNF-α 的反应。
伴疼痛或晨僵的成人患者
ASAS/EULAR推荐NSAIDs为治疗伴有疼痛和晨僵症状的AS患者的一线用药。 80%的AS患者都应使用NSAIDs作为常规基础用药。[101]Calin A, Elswood J. A prospective nationwide cross-sectional study of NSAID usage in 1331 patients with ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol. 1990 Jun;17(6):801-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1974927?tool=bestpractice.com 一些短期研究提供了高质量的证据,证明患者的结局指标有所改善。
许多研究证实,常规服用NSAID超过2年的AS患者较必要时服用药物的患者,其影像学进展减缓。[102]Wanders A, Heijde D, Landewe R, et al. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs reduce radiographic progression in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a randomized clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Jun;52(6):1756-65.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.21054/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15934081?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Poddubnyy D, Rudwaleit M, Haibel H, et al. Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on radiographic spinal progression in patients with axial spondyloarthritis: results from the German Spondyloarthritis Inception Cohort. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012 Oct;71(10):1616-22.http://ard.bmj.com/content/71/10/1616.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22459541?tool=bestpractice.com[104]Kroon F, Landewé R, Dougados M, et al. Continuous NSAID use reverts the effects of inflammation on radiographic progression in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis.2012 Oct;71(10):1623-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22532639?tool=bestpractice.com[105]Kroon FP, van der Burg LR, Ramiro S, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for axial spondyloarthritis (ankylosing spondylitis and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(7):CD010952.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010952.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26186173?tool=bestpractice.com 对于有更高影像学进展风险的患者,即影像学结果有韧带骨赘形成的患者以及 C 反应蛋白 (CRP) 、红细胞沉降率 (ESR) 水平升高的患者,NSAID 持续治疗能更显著地减缓疾病影像学进展速度。[103]Poddubnyy D, Rudwaleit M, Haibel H, et al. Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on radiographic spinal progression in patients with axial spondyloarthritis: results from the German Spondyloarthritis Inception Cohort. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012 Oct;71(10):1616-22.http://ard.bmj.com/content/71/10/1616.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22459541?tool=bestpractice.com[104]Kroon F, Landewé R, Dougados M, et al. Continuous NSAID use reverts the effects of inflammation on radiographic progression in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis.2012 Oct;71(10):1623-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22532639?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,可能是由于本组患者的影像学进展速度较慢,并且随访有限,NSAIDs类药物的疗效尚未在影像学阴性的脊柱关节病患者中被证实。[103]Poddubnyy D, Rudwaleit M, Haibel H, et al. Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on radiographic spinal progression in patients with axial spondyloarthritis: results from the German Spondyloarthritis Inception Cohort. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012 Oct;71(10):1616-22.http://ard.bmj.com/content/71/10/1616.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22459541?tool=bestpractice.com[106]Poddubnyy D, Rudwaleit M, Haibel H, et al. Rates and predictors of radiographic sacroiliitis progression over 2 years in patients with axial spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011 Aug;70(8):1369-74.https://ard.bmj.com/content/70/8/1369.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21622969?tool=bestpractice.com 由于患者常忘记服药的时间,并且缺乏长期的研究,所以,对NSAIDs的研究较为有限。
因此,疾病持续活动的AS患者应用NSAIDs药物进行治疗:
同样重要的是,在患者换用其他NSAID或考虑放弃使用某种NSAID药物之前,应尝试使用该NSAID药物的最大可耐受剂量。 剂量不足是导致患者对NSAIDs反应差的常见原因。
苯基丁氮酮是首选的NSAIDs类药物,至今仍被认为是治疗AS最有效的药物。 然而,本药物的毒性,包括严重的骨髓抑制、肾毒性及肝毒性限制了它在临床中的应用。
最近,COX-2 抑制剂(例如塞来昔布及依托考昔)已成为可用的治疗药物。一项随机对照临床试验显示,依托考昔耐受性良好,使用 1 年后的疗效优于安慰剂和萘普生 [主要终点:患者全脊柱的疼痛评估、患者整体疾病活动度的评估、Bath 强直性脊柱炎功能指数(Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index, BASFI)]。英国的一项经济评估结果显示,该药物相较于非选择性 NSAID 的成本效益更高。[107]Jansen JP, Pellissier J, Choy EH, et al. Economic evaluation of etoricoxib versus non-selective NSAIDs in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis in the UK. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007 Dec;23(12):3069-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17971283?tool=bestpractice.com 一项 meta 分析对 20 种非甾体抗炎药短期治疗 AS 的疗效进行了比较,该研究也认为依托考昔在减轻疼痛症状方面优于其他非甾体抗炎药。 由于证据不足,该研究不能进一步得出关于非甾体抗炎药/COX-2 抑制剂在治疗该病总体情况上具有比较优越性的结论。[108]Wang R, Dasgupta A, Ward MM. Comparative efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in ankylosing spondylitis: a Bayesian network meta-analysis of clinical trials. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016 Jun;75(6):1152-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26248636?tool=bestpractice.com
一项纳入 39 项研究的 Cochrane 综述评估了非甾体抗炎药和 COX-2 抑制剂治疗中轴型脊柱关节炎的获益和危害;研究认为两者都是有效的,促使了 Bath 强直性脊柱炎疾病活动指数 (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index, BASDAI) 和 Bath 强直性脊柱炎功能指数 (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index, BASFI) 的改善。 不能得出关于这些药物对 Bath 强直性脊柱炎的计量指数 (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index, BASMI) 或影像学进展的作用的结论。[105]Kroon FP, van der Burg LR, Ramiro S, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for axial spondyloarthritis (ankylosing spondylitis and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(7):CD010952.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010952.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26186173?tool=bestpractice.com
长期使用NSAIDs药物引发的不良反应已引起关注。 非选择性的NSAIDs与选择性COX-2抑制剂都能增加心血管疾病发生率。[109]Kearney PM, Baigent C, Godwin J, et al. Do selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors and traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increase the risk of atherothrombosis? Meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ. 2006 Jun 3;332(7553):1302-8.http://www.bmj.com/content/332/7553/1302.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16740558?tool=bestpractice.com 以RA为研究对象的VIGOR试验中,罗非昔布(一种COX-2抑制剂)因增加心血管疾病发生的风险,最终被撤出试验。[110]Bombardier C, Laine L, Reicin A, et al. Comparison of upper gastrointestinal toxicity of rofecoxib and naproxen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. VIGOR Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2000 Nov 23;343(21):1520-8.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200011233432103#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11087881?tool=bestpractice.com COX-2抑制剂较传统NSAIDs的胃肠道毒性低,同时使用质子泵抑制剂可进一步降低其发生风险。 一种NSAIDs加一种质子泵抑制剂的治疗方案有效且与临床标准的治疗方法疗效相当。[111]Datto C, Hellmund R, Siddiqui MK. Efficacy and tolerability of naproxen/esomeprazole magnesium tablets compared with non-specific NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors: a systematic review and network analyses. Open Access Rheumatol Res Rev. 2013 Feb 26;5:1-19.http://www.dovepress.com/efficacy-and-tolerability-of-naproxenesomeprazole-magnesium-tablets-co-peer-reviewed-article-OARRR[112]Wigand R, Baerwald C, Krause A, et al. 12 years of celecoxib: an inventory. Aktuelle Rheumatologie. 2013 April;38(2):38-44.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290607780_12_Years_of_Celecoxib_-_taking_an_Inventory_vol_38_pg38_2013 急性和慢性肾功能衰竭发生较罕见。年轻患者出现这些并发症的风险更低。应根据患者的症状选择合适的NSAIDs/COX-2抑制剂,应定期监测规律治疗的患者。[113]Song IH, Poddubnyy DA, Rudwaleit M, et al. Benefits and risks of ankylosing spondylitis treatment with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Apr;58(4):929-38.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.23275/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18383378?tool=bestpractice.com
辅助镇痛药:
当NSAIDs药效不够时,可以考虑使用其他的止痛药如对乙酰氨基酚或可待因。[83]Zochling J, van der Heijde D, Burgos-Vargas R, et al; 'Assessment in AS' international working group; European League Against Rheumatism. ASAS/EULAR recommendations for the management of ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006 Apr;65(4):442-52.https://ard.bmj.com/content/65/4/442.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16126791?tool=bestpractice.com
糖皮质激素注射:
局部有炎症时推荐关节腔内注射或局部糖皮质激素注射(例,排除感染后的单侧骶髂关节炎,阿基里斯附着点病变)。 然而,对于静脉用药、肌肉注射或口服糖皮质激素治疗AS的用法并无相关证据。[83]Zochling J, van der Heijde D, Burgos-Vargas R, et al; 'Assessment in AS' international working group; European League Against Rheumatism. ASAS/EULAR recommendations for the management of ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006 Apr;65(4):442-52.https://ard.bmj.com/content/65/4/442.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16126791?tool=bestpractice.com
当治疗有外周关节症状的患者时,可作为除NSAIDs和镇痛药物(必要时可使用DMARDs药)以外的选择。
有外周关节受累的成人患者
通常来说,有外周关节受累的患者可以考虑使用DMARDs治疗,但没有证据证明DMARDs对中轴骨受累疾病的疗效。[83]Zochling J, van der Heijde D, Burgos-Vargas R, et al; 'Assessment in AS' international working group; European League Against Rheumatism. ASAS/EULAR recommendations for the management of ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006 Apr;65(4):442-52.https://ard.bmj.com/content/65/4/442.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16126791?tool=bestpractice.com 除了止痛药外,还可以使用此类药物控制外周关节疾病的疼痛症状。
柳氮磺吡啶
有证据证实其对治疗外周关节受累疾病有效。[114]Chen J, Liu C. Is sulfasalazine effective in ankylosing spondylitis? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Rheumatol. 2006 Apr;33(4):722-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16583475?tool=bestpractice.com[115]Kirwan J, Edwards A, Huitfeldt B, et al. The course of established ankylosing spondylitis and the effects of sulphasalazine over 3 years. Br J Rheumatol. 1993 Aug;32(8):729-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8102305?tool=bestpractice.com[116]Feltelius N, Hallgren R. Sulphasalazine in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1986 May;45(5):396-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1001898/pdf/annrheumd00272-0044.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2872857?tool=bestpractice.com[117]Clegg DO, Reda DJ, Weisman MH, et al. Comparison of sulfasalazine and placebo in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. A Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study. Arthritis Rheum. 1996 Dec;39(12):2004-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8961905?tool=bestpractice.com
没有证据证实其对治疗中轴关节受累疾病有效。[114]Chen J, Liu C. Is sulfasalazine effective in ankylosing spondylitis? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Rheumatol. 2006 Apr;33(4):722-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16583475?tool=bestpractice.com[118]Clegg DO, Reda DJ, Abdellatif M. Comparison of sulfasalazine and placebo for the treatment of axial and peripheral articular manifestations of the seronegative spondylarthropathies: a Department of Veterans Affairs cooperative study. Arthritis Rheum. 1999 Nov;42(11):2325-9.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1529-0131%28199911%2942:11%3C2325::AID-ANR10%3E3.0.CO;2-C/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10555027?tool=bestpractice.com
没有证据证明柳氮磺吡啶对患者疾病活动度及影像学进展有改善作用。[119]Taylor HG, Beswick EJ, Dawes PT. Sulphasalazine in ankylosing spondylitis. A radiological, clinical and laboratory assessment. Clin Rheumatol. 1991 Mar;10(1):43-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1676621?tool=bestpractice.com
柳氮磺吡啶对于治疗未分化脊柱关节炎患者的炎性腰背痛可能有效。[120]Braun J, Zochling J, Baraliakos X, et al. Efficacy of sulfasalazine in patients with inflammatory back pain due to undifferentiated spondyloarthritis and early ankylosing spondylitis: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006 Sep;65(9):1147-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16606646?tool=bestpractice.com
有证据显示柳氮磺吡啶可预防虹膜炎的发生。
甲氨蝶呤
甲氨蝶呤对于AS的治疗没有确切的疗效。[121]Altan L, Bingol U, Karakoc Y, et al. Clinical investigation of methotrexate in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. Scand J Rheumatol. 2001;30(5):255-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11727838?tool=bestpractice.com[122]Biasi D, Carletto A, Caramaschi P, et al. Efficacy of methotrexate in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis: a three-year open study. Clin Rheumatol. 2000;19(2):114-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10791621?tool=bestpractice.com[123]Gonzalez-Lopez L, Garcia-Gonzalez A, Vazquez-Del-Mercado M, et al. Efficacy of methotrexate in ankylosing spondylitis: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial. J Rheumatol. 2004 Aug;31(8):1568-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15290737?tool=bestpractice.com[124]Chen J, Veras MM, Liu C, Lin J. Methotrexate for ankylosing spondylitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(2):CD004524.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004524.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23450553?tool=bestpractice.com[125]Haibel H, Brandt HC, Song IH, et al. No efficacy of subcutaneous methotrexate in active ankylosing spondylitis: a 16-week open-label trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007 Mar;66(3):419-21.https://ard.bmj.com/content/66/3/419.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16901959?tool=bestpractice.com 试验中甲氨蝶呤用量不足以及入组患者病程较长等可能影响其疗效。
来氟米特
没有研究显示来氟米特对AS有治疗作用。[126]Haibel H, Rudwaleit M, Braun J, et al. Six months open label trial of leflunomide in active ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005 Jan;64(1):124-6.http://ard.bmj.com/content/64/1/124.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15608310?tool=bestpractice.com[127]van Denderen JC, van der Paardt M, Nurmohamed MT, et al. Double blind, randomised, placebo controlled study of leflunomide in the treatment of active ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005 Dec;64(12):1761-4.https://ard.bmj.com/content/64/12/1761.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15901634?tool=bestpractice.com
难治型成年患者
肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF)-α 抑制剂
许多开放性随机对照试验证明了这些药物在AS治疗中的安全性与疗效。[128]Brandt J, Haibel H, Cornely D, et al. Successful treatment of active ankylosing spondylitis with the anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody infliximab. Arthritis Rheum. 2000 Jun;43(6):1346-52.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1529-0131(200006)43:6%3C1346::AID-ANR18%3E3.0.CO;2-E/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10857793?tool=bestpractice.com[129]Brandt J, Sieper J, Braun J. Infliximab in the treatment of active and severe ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002 Nov-Dec;20(6 Suppl 28):S106-10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12463458?tool=bestpractice.com[130]Stone M, Salonen D, Lax M, et al. Clinical and imaging correlates of response to treatment with infliximab in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol. 2001 Jul;28(7):1605-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11469469?tool=bestpractice.com[131]Baraliakos X, van den Berg R, Braun J, et al. Update of the literature review on treatment with biologics as a basis for the first update of the ASAS/EULAR management recommendations of ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2012 Aug;51(8):1378-87.http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/content/51/8/1378.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22427410?tool=bestpractice.com[132]Goh L, Samanta A. Update on biologic therapies in ankylosing spondylitis: a literature review. Int J Rheum Dis. 2012 Oct;15(5):445-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23083034?tool=bestpractice.com[133]Bao C, Huang F, Khan MA, et al. Safety and efficacy of golimumab in Chinese patients with active ankylosing spondylitis: 1-year results of a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2014 Sep;53(9):1654-63.http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/content/53/9/1654.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24729398?tool=bestpractice.com[134]Callhoff J, Sieper J, Weiss A, et al. Efficacy of TNFalpha blockers in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: a meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015 Jun;74(6):1241-8.https://ard.bmj.com/content/74/6/1241.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24718959?tool=bestpractice.com 一项 Cochrane 综述评估了 TNF-α 抑制剂治疗 AS 患者的获益和危害,包括阿达木单抗、戈利木单抗、英夫利昔单抗和依那西普,研究结论也认为使用这些药物治疗的患者达到 ASAS40 应答(通过晨僵的平均强度和持续时间和患者的整体情况评估来评估脊柱疼痛、功能和炎症)的可能性为安慰剂患者的三至四倍。短期的副作用被认为是可以接受的。[135]Maxwell LJ, Zochling J, Boonen A, et al. TNF-alpha inhibitors for ankylosing spondylitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(4):CD005468.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005468.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25887212?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How do TNF-alpha inhibitors compare with placebo in people with ankylosing spondylitis?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.870/full显示答案
研究显示接受 TNF-α 抑制剂治疗的大部分 AS 患者,其疾病活动度、机体功能及活动性、MRI 上的炎症信号均有了显著改善。
目前的随机对照研究显示,接受3个月以上TNF-α抑制剂(阿达木单抗)治疗后,放射学阴性的中轴脊柱关节炎患者可从中获益。[136]Sieper J, van der Heijde D, Dougados M, et al. Efficacy and safety of adalimumab in patients with non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: results of a randomised placebo-controlled trial (ABILITY-1). Ann Rheum Dis. 2013 Jun;72(6):815-22.http://ard.bmj.com/content/72/6/815.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22772328?tool=bestpractice.com
最初治疗时,推荐持续使用NSAIDs治疗至病情稳定,在治疗的6-12周评价治疗效果。 之后,患者仍需用同样剂量或减量的NSAIDs进行治疗,因患者的病情而异。
有证据显示对于第1种TNF-α抑制剂效果不佳的患者,换用第2种TNF-α抑制剂后治疗仍有效。[137]Conti F, Ceccarelli F, Marocchi E, et al. Switching tumour necrosis factor alpha antagonists in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis: an observational study over a 5-year period. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007 Oct;66(10):1393-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17613555?tool=bestpractice.com[138]Lie E, van der Heijde D, Uhlig T, et al. Effectiveness of switching between TNF inhibitors in ankylosing spondylitis: data from the NOR-DMARD register. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011 Jan;70(1):157-63.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21062852?tool=bestpractice.com[139]Rudwaleit M, Van den Bosch F, Kron M, et al. Effectiveness and safety of adalimumab in patients with ankylosing spondylitis or psoriatic arthritis and history of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12(3):R117.http://arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/ar3054http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20553600?tool=bestpractice.com
已报道的不良反应包括严重感染、[140]Dixon WG, Symmons DP, Lunt M, et al; British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register Control Centre Consortium, Silman AJ; British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. Serious infection following anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: lessons from interpreting data from observational studies. Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Sep;56(9):2896-904.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.22808/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17763441?tool=bestpractice.com[141]Ellerin T, Rubin RH, Weinblatt ME. Infections and anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy. Arthritis Rheum. 2003 Nov;48(11):3013-22.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.11301/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14613261?tool=bestpractice.com 恶性肿瘤如淋巴瘤、[142]Brown SL, Greene MH, Gershon SK, et al. Tumor necrosis factor antagonist therapy and lymphoma development: twenty-six cases reported to the Food and Drug Administration. Arthritis Rheum. 2002 Dec;46(12):3151-8.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.10679/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12483718?tool=bestpractice.com[143]Nannini C, Cantini F, Niccoli L, et al. Single-center series and systematic review of randomized controlled trials of malignancies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis receiving anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy: is there a need for more comprehensive screening procedures? Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Jun 15;61(6):801-12.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/art.24506http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19479708?tool=bestpractice.com 心力衰竭加重[144]Chung ES, Packer M, Lo KH, et al; Anti-TNF Therapy Against Congestive Heart Failure Investigators. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot trial of infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in patients with moderate-to-severe heart failure: results of the anti-TNF Therapy Against Congestive Heart Failure (ATTACH) trial. Circulation. 2003 Jul 1;107(25):3133-40.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/107/25/3133.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12796126?tool=bestpractice.com 以及发生率较低的脱髓鞘疾病。[145]Mohan N, Edwards ET, Cupps TR, et al. Demyelination occurring during anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy for inflammatory arthritides. Arthritis Rheum. 2001 Dec;44(12):2862-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11762947?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,一般来说,至少在短期内,脊柱关节病患者对TNF-α抑制剂的耐受性良好。并且应注意到,该不良反应报道主要源自对类风湿关节炎的研究(至少部分不良反应发生风险的增加与疾病本身带来的功能紊乱相关)。 AS患者中不良反应发生率低于RA患者。[146]Burmester GR, Mease P, Dijkmans BA, et al. Adalimumab safety and mortality rates from global clinical trials of six immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009 Dec;68(12):1863-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2770105/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19147611?tool=bestpractice.com 一篇系统综述及meta分析发现接受TNF-α抑制剂治疗的AS患者感染概率没有显著增加。[147]Fouque-Aubert A, Jette-Paulin L, Combescure C, et al. Serious infections in patients with ankylosing spondylitis with and without TNF blockers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010 Oct;69(10):1756-61.https://ard.bmj.com/content/69/10/1756.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19640854?tool=bestpractice.com
TNF-α抑制剂禁用于中重度心力衰竭患者,避免用于纽约心功能分级IV级的心力衰竭患者、活动性结核及其他严重感染、有脱髓鞘疾病或恶性疾病(尤其是黑色素瘤)病史的患者。 开始治疗前,需明确有无乙型肝炎病毒感染史。 数据表明乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原阴性但核心抗体阳性的患者在应用TNF-α抑制剂时需小心监测以防病毒再次激活。[148]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. TNF-alpha inhibitors for ankylosing spondylitis and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis. February 2016 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta383[149]Lee YH, Bae SC, Song GG. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in rheumatic patients with hepatitis core antigen (HBV occult carriers) undergoing anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2013 Jan-Feb;31(1):118-21.http://www.clinexprheumatol.org/article.asp?a=5761http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23111095?tool=bestpractice.com 在开始治疗前也需寻找活动性及非活动性(潜在的)结核感染的证据。[148]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. TNF-alpha inhibitors for ankylosing spondylitis and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis. February 2016 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta383 治疗前,对结核高危人群的筛查尤为重要。[150]Kumar A. Experience with anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy in India. APLAR J Rheumatol. 2006 July;9(2):136-41.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1479-8077.2006.00188.x/full
经 Bath 强直性脊柱炎疾病活动指数 (BASDAI)、Bath 强直性脊柱炎功能指数 (BASFI)、Bath 强直性脊柱炎计量指数 (BASMI)、国际强直性脊柱炎评估协会 (ASAS)、以及强直性脊柱炎疾病活动评分 (ASDAS) 评估后证实,英夫利昔单抗、依那西普和阿达木单抗可维持长达 5 年的长期治疗反应。[151]Sieper J, van der HD, Dougados M, et al. Early response to adalimumab predicts long-term remission through 5 years of treatment in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012 May;71(5):700-6.http://ard.bmj.com/content/71/5/700.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22128084?tool=bestpractice.com
在英国,英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所 (NICE) 发布了有关使用 TNF-α 抑制剂治疗 AS 的推荐。[148]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. TNF-alpha inhibitors for ankylosing spondylitis and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis. February 2016 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta383 NICE 不推荐使用英夫利西单抗;提出此建议的基础不是英夫利西单抗与其他 TNF-α 抑制剂相比的疗效差异,而是英夫利西单抗相较于皮下用 TNF-α 抑制剂给药成本更高。
一项回顾性研究显示,尽管停止抗TNF-α治疗通常会导致疾病复发,但在使用英夫利昔单抗、依那西普、阿达木单抗治疗过程中,调整剂量或逐渐减量仍可有效维持疾病缓解状态。[152]Paccou J, Baclé-Boutry MA, Solau-Gervais E, et al. Dosage adjustment of anti-tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor in ankylosing spondylitis is effective in maintaining remission in clinical practice. J Rheumatol. 2012 Jul;39(7):1418-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22707611?tool=bestpractice.com
对于该药物是否能长期抑制影像学的进展尚无定论。 3个试验,历时超过2年,结果未能证实依那西普、英夫利昔单抗[54]van der Heijde DM, Landewe RB, Ory P, et al. Two-year etanercept therapy does not inhibit radiographic progression in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. EULAR Congress Abstract OP0090. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65(suppl II):81.http://www.abstracts2view.com/eular/view.php?nu=EULAR06L_2006OP0090&terms=[55]van der Heijde D, Landewe R, Deoadar A, et al. Radiographic progression in patients with ankylosing spondylitis after 2 years of treatment not inhibited with infliximab. EULAR Congress Abstract OP0111. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66(suppl II):85.http://scientific.sparx-ip.net/archiveeular/?c=a&searchfor=%E2%80%8BRadiographic%20progression%20in%20patients%20with%20ankylosing%20spondylitis%20after%202%20years%20of%20treatment%20not%20inhibited%20with%20infliximab%E2%80%8B&view=1&item=2007OP0111 或阿达木单抗能减缓疾病影像学的进展。[153]van der Heijde D, Landewe R, Maksymowych WP, et al. Adalimumab (HUMIRA®) therapy for ankylosing spondylitis over 2 years does not demonstrate inhibition of radiographic progression compared with a historical control group. Abstract 670. Annual Scientific Meeting of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/Association of Rheumatology Health Professionals (ARHP), San Francisco, CA; 26 October 2008.https://acr.confex.com/acr/2008/webprogram/Paper2615.html 然而,有可能在该疗效显现之前需进行更长期的随访。
一些研究显示患者在接受抗TNF-α治疗后参与有偿工作的积极性增加并且工作能力提高。 然而,各项研究的异质性妨碍了对这些研究发现的统计学意义的评估。该领域需要进一步的研究。[154]van der Burg LR, Ter Wee MM, Boonen A. Effect of biological therapy on work participation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic review. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012 Dec;71(12):1924-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22956595?tool=bestpractice.com
研究表明使用 TNF-α 抑制剂治疗有低骨矿物质密度 (bone mineral density, BMD) 的 AS 患者可能会引起与骨转换标志物的改变相关的腰椎和股骨颈 BMD 的增加。[155]Li H, Li Q, Chen X, et al. Anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy increased spine and femoral neck bone mineral density of patients with active ankylosing spondylitis with low bone mineral density. J Rheumatol. 2015 Aug;42(8):1413-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26077412?tool=bestpractice.com[156]Siu S, Haraoui B, Bissonnette R, et al. Meta-analysis of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors and glucocorticoids on bone density in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis trials. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2015 May;67(6):754-64.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25418272?tool=bestpractice.com
这些治疗的不良反应包括严重感染。[157]Minozzi S, Bonovas S, Lytras T, et al. Risk of infections using anti-TNF agents in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2016 Dec;15(sup1):11-34.https://air.unimi.it/retrieve/handle/2434/481066/797018/Anti_TNF_Infections.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27924643?tool=bestpractice.com
英夫利西单抗
尽管大部分研究中使用的英夫利昔单抗的剂量为5mg/kg,有证据显示3mg/kg同样有效。[158]Maksymowych WP, Jhangri GS, Lambert RG, et al. Infliximab in ankylosing spondylitis: a prospective observational inception cohort analysis of efficacy and safety. J Rheumatol. 2002 May;29(5):959-65.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12022358?tool=bestpractice.com[159]Jois RN, Leeder J, Gibb A, et al. Low-dose infliximab treatment for ankylosing spondylitis - clinically- and cost-effective. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2006 Dec;45(12):1566-9.http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/12/1566.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16705043?tool=bestpractice.com[160]Maksymowych WP, Salonen D, Inman RD, et al. Low-dose infliximab (3 mg/kg) significantly reduces spinal inflammation on magnetic resonance imaging in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a randomized placebo-controlled study. J Rheumatol. 2010 Aug 1;37(8):1728-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20436073?tool=bestpractice.com
近期的研究显示持续应用英夫利昔单抗较间断应用效果好,由于超敏反应的频繁发生,停药后又重新使用该药效果不尽人意。[161]Breban M, Ravaud P, Claudepierre P, et al; French Ankylosing Spondylitis Infliximab Network. Maintenance of infliximab treatment in ankylosing spondylitis: results of a one-year randomized controlled trial comparing systematic versus on-demand treatment. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58:88-97.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.23167/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18163509?tool=bestpractice.com[162]Heldmann F, Brandt J, van der Horst-Bruinsma IE, et al. The European ankylosing spondylitis infliximab cohort (EASIC): a European multicentre study of long term outcomes in patients with ankylosing spondylitis treated with infliximab. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2011 Jul-Aug;29(4):672-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21906431?tool=bestpractice.com
依那西普
试验显示炎症活动期的患者在应用依那西普治疗后有显著改善。[163]Gorman JD, Sack KE, Davis JC Jr. Treatment of ankylosing spondylitis by inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha. N Engl J Med. 2002 May 2;346(18):1349-56.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa012664#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11986408?tool=bestpractice.com[164]Brandt J, Listing J, Haibel H, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of etanercept after readministration in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005 Mar;44(3):342-8.http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/content/44/3/342.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15561737?tool=bestpractice.com 一项开放延展的随机双盲安慰剂对照试验同样显示长病程、影像学上有关节硬化的晚期患者经依那西普治疗24周后显著改善。[165]Dougados M, Braun J, Szanto S, et al. Continuous efficacy of etanercept in severe and advanced ankylosing spondylitis: results from a 12-week open-label extension of the SPINE study. Rheumatology. 2013 Jun;72(6):815-22.https://ard.bmj.com/content/72/6/815.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22772328?tool=bestpractice.com
一项超过16周的双盲、安慰剂对照试验显示依那西普比柳氮磺吡啶对中轴和外周关节受累的AS患者更有效。[166]Braun J, van der Horst-Bruinsma IE, Huang F, et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of etanercept versus sulfasalazine in ankylosing spondylitis patients: a randomized, double-blind study (ASCEND trial). Arthritis Rheum. 2011 Jun;63(6):1543-51.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.30223/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21630245?tool=bestpractice.com
一项随机对照试验表明,高达 52%的接受依那西普治疗并处于稳定缓解期的患者,尽管治疗剂量从 50 mg 减少到 25 mg、每周一次也能维持他们的治疗反应。[167]Yates M, Hamilton LE, Elender F, et al. Is etanercept 25 mg once weekly as effective as 50 mg at maintaining response in patients with ankylosing spondylitis? A randomized control trial. J Rheumatol. 2015 Jul;42(7):1177-85.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26034151?tool=bestpractice.com 需要更多的研究来评估这一发现以及其他 TNF-α 抑制剂的剂量减少对治疗反应的影响。
现缺乏证据证实依那西普可引起葡萄膜炎。 一些病例报告提到应用依那西普会使葡萄膜炎发病率增加。[168]Lim LL, Fraunfelder FW, Rosenbaum JT. Do tumor necrosis factor inhibitors cause uveitis? A registry-based study. Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Oct;56(10):3248-52.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/art.22918http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17907169?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,对 8 项应用依那西普治疗 AS 患者的研究进行综合分析,结果显示,依那西普治疗发生葡萄膜炎的几率低于安慰剂,且与柳氮磺吡啶相当。[169]Sieper J, Koenig A, Baumgartner S, et al. Analysis of uveitis rates across all etanercept ankylosing spondylitis clinical trials. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010 Jan;69(1):226-9.https://ard.bmj.com/content/69/01/226.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19465402?tool=bestpractice.com
阿达木单抗
研究显示,经阿达木单抗治疗后的AS患者生活质量明显改善。[170]Lambert RG, Salonen D, Rahman P, et al. Adalimumab significantly reduces both spinal and sacroiliac joint inflammation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Dec;56(12):4005-14.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/art.23044http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18050198?tool=bestpractice.com[171]Davis JC Jr, Revicki D, van der Heijde DM, et al. Health-related quality of life outcomes in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis treated with adalimumab: results from a randomized controlled study. Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Aug 15;57(6):1050-7.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.22887/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17665483?tool=bestpractice.com[172]Maksymowych WP, Gooch KL, Wong RL, et al. Impact of age, sex, physical function, health-related quality of life, and treatment with adalimumab on work status and work productivity of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol. 2010 Feb;37(2):385-92.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19955052?tool=bestpractice.com[173]van der Heijde DM, Revicki DA, Gooch KL, et al. Physical function, disease activity, and health-related quality-of-life outcomes after 3 years of adalimumab treatment in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2009;11(4):R124.http://arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/ar2790http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19686597?tool=bestpractice.com
ATLAS 研究显示,在 5 年的随访期间,阿达木单抗对活动期 AS 患者的治疗均维持良好的安全性及有效性,大约一半患者在整个研究过程中的任何时间点均维持持续缓解状态。 疾病缓解的最强预测因素为在治疗的第12周能达到缓解。[151]Sieper J, van der HD, Dougados M, et al. Early response to adalimumab predicts long-term remission through 5 years of treatment in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012 May;71(5):700-6.http://ard.bmj.com/content/71/5/700.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22128084?tool=bestpractice.com
对于放射学阴性的中轴脊柱关节炎及对NSAIDs反应欠佳(不耐受或有禁忌证)的患者,阿达木单抗较安慰剂能更有效地控制疾病活动度,减少MRI上脊柱和骶髂关节的炎症,提高生活质量。[136]Sieper J, van der Heijde D, Dougados M, et al. Efficacy and safety of adalimumab in patients with non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: results of a randomised placebo-controlled trial (ABILITY-1). Ann Rheum Dis. 2013 Jun;72(6):815-22.http://ard.bmj.com/content/72/6/815.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22772328?tool=bestpractice.com
戈利木单抗
戈利木单抗是针对 TNF-α 的人源化单克隆抗体。一项针对慢性活动性 AS 患者的随机、双盲、对照 3 期临床试验证实了戈利木单抗在 24 周期间的安全性及有效性。[174]Inman RD, Davis JC Jr, Heijde D, et al. Efficacy and safety of golimumab in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Nov;58(11):3402-12.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.23969/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18975305?tool=bestpractice.com 该结果显示戈利木单抗与当前可用的 TNF-α 抑制剂疗效相当。同样,另一项 III 期研究显示了戈利木单抗对活动期放射学阴性中轴型脊柱关节炎患者的疗效和安全性。[175]Sieper J, van der Heijde D, Dougados M, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, sixteen-week study of subcutaneous golimumab in patients with active nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015 Oct;67(10):2702-12.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4755041/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26139307?tool=bestpractice.com 研究结果显示,戈利木单抗对 CRP 水平高和/或 MRI 检查结果呈阳性的放射学阴性脊柱关节炎患者有效,但对 CRP 和 MRI 均呈阴性的患者无效。[176]Palazzi C, D'angelo S, Gilio M, et al. Golimumab for the treatment of axial spondyloarthritis. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2017 Jan;17(1):129-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27817204?tool=bestpractice.com
进一步的研究将揭示该药的长期安全性及疗效。[177]Fleischmann R. The efficacy and safety of golimumab in the treatment of arthritis. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2010 Jul;10(7):1131-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20504106?tool=bestpractice.com GO-RAISE试验即为此类型,该研究显示用戈利木单抗治疗活动性AS,在第24周、52周、104周时均获得了持久的疗效。[178]Braun J, Deodhar A, Inman RD, et al. Golimumab administered subcutaneously every 4 weeks in ankylosing spondylitis: 104-week results of the GO-RAISE study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012 May;71(5):661-7.http://ard.bmj.com/content/71/5/661.full[179]van der Heijde D, Deodhar A, Braun J, et al. The effect of golimumab therapy on disease activity and health-related quality of life in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: 2-year results of the GO-RAISE trial. J Rheumatol. 2014 Jun;41(6):1095-103.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24737912?tool=bestpractice.com 该研究同样得出结论认为戈利木单抗与其他TNF-α抑制剂安全性一致。另外,该研究显示,用更大剂量的戈利木单抗进行治疗,14周及24周时附着点炎的评分会进一步改善。该研究的结论 [旧金山加利福尼亚大学 (USCF) 指数是最敏感的起止点炎评分指数] 需要进一步研究的证实。[180]van der Heijde D, Braun J, Deodhar A, et al. Comparison of three enthesitis indices in a multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of golimumab in ankylosing spondylitis (GO-RAISE). Rheumatology (Oxford). 2013 Feb;52(2):321-5.https://academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article/52/2/321/1831503http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23024015?tool=bestpractice.com
最近,一项来自于最初随机对照试验的3年更新的安全数据得出结论,在使用戈利木单抗治疗类风湿关节炎和银屑病关节炎、强直性脊柱炎的过程中,尽管3年的安全性数据与其他TNF-α抑制剂一致,但戈利木单抗可增加发生严重感染、脱髓鞘病变和淋巴瘤的发病风险。[181]Kay J, Fleischmann R, Keystone E, et al. Golimumab 3-year safety update: an analysis of pooled data from the long-term extensions of randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials conducted in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis or ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:538-546.https://ard.bmj.com/content/74/3/538.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24344160?tool=bestpractice.com
NICE 委员会已批准:在英国,戈利木单抗可用于对传统治疗反应不佳(例如至少对 2 种 NSAID 药物治疗无效)的重度活动性 AS(12 周内分别对疾病进行 2 次评估)。[148]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. TNF-alpha inhibitors for ankylosing spondylitis and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis. February 2016 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta383 委员会提出,基于目前的证据,戈利木单抗与其他TNF-α抑制剂的疗效、不良事件发生率、停药风险是相当的。
戈利木单抗的临床疗效通常在应用3或4次(每月1次)后才显现出来。 对于体重>100 kg或应用3或4次戈利木单抗后仍没有充分好转的患者,应考虑增加药物剂量。[148]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. TNF-alpha inhibitors for ankylosing spondylitis and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis. February 2016 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta383
妥珠单抗
赛妥珠单抗 (Certolizumab ) 是一种聚乙二醇化人源化单克隆抗体,直接拮抗 TNF-α。根据 III 期临床试验的阳性结果,[182]Landewé R, Braun J, Deodhar A, et al. Efficacy of certolizumab pegol on signs and symptoms of axial spondyloarthritis including ankylosing spondylitis: 24-week results of a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled phase 3 study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014 Jan;73(1):39-47.http://ard.bmj.com/content/73/1/39.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24013647?tool=bestpractice.com[183]UCB, Inc. Certolizumab pegol in subjects with active axial spondyloarthritis (study). NCT01087762. September 2014 [internet publication].http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01087762 该药已获得监管机构批准,用于治疗 AS。根据患者报告的结局显示,聚乙二醇化赛妥珠单抗已显示出可快速改善 AS 和放射学阴性中轴型脊柱关节病患者的健康状况。[184]Sieper J, Kivitz A, van Tubergen A, et al. Impact of certolizumab pegol on patient-reported outcomes in patients with axial spondyloarthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2015 Oct;67(10):1475-80.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5054930/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25832312?tool=bestpractice.com
Secukinumab
苏金单抗是一种完全人源化的抗白细胞介素-17A 单克隆抗体,已获 FDA 批准用于治疗活动性 AS 成年患者。白细胞介素-17 是由 T 辅助细胞 17 产生的细胞因子,其越来越多地参与到多种自身免疫性和炎性疾病的发病过程中。通过检测 ASAS20 反应结果显示,苏金单抗 (Secukinumab) 与 AS 的症状和体征明显减少有关。[185]Baeten D, Sieper J, Braun J, et al; MEASURE 1 Study Group, MEASURE 2 Study Group. Secukinumab, an interleukin-17A inhibitor, in ankylosing spondylitis. N Engl J Med. 2015 Dec 24;373(26):2534-48.http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa1505066http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26699169?tool=bestpractice.com NICE 还推荐苏金单抗用于 NSAID 或抗 TNF 抑制剂治疗失败的活动性 AS 患者中。治疗 16 周后应评估对治疗的反应。[186]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Secukinumab for active ankylosing spondylitis after treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or TNF-alpha inhibitors. September 2016 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta407
双膦酸盐
对于不适用TNF-α抑制剂治疗或因经济原因无法接受TNF-α抑制剂的患者,这可能是一种新的选择。
对于使用双膦酸盐治疗 AS 的证据有限。帕米膦酸能有效治疗 AS 的原因尚不清楚,这可能与其能够降低白细胞介素-1、白细胞介素-6 和 TNF-α 的水平有关。[187]Haibel H, Brandt J, Rudwaleit M, et al. Treatment of active ankylosing spondylitis with pamidronate. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2003 Aug;42(8):1018-20.http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/content/42/8/1018.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12869678?tool=bestpractice.com
患者在服用双膦酸盐的同时,需坚持物理治疗和服用NSAIDs。
肩关节穿刺抽吸的动画演示
膝关节穿刺抽吸的动画演示
儿童患者的治疗
对脊柱关节病儿童的治疗需依据其外周关节受累程度。
少关节炎通常用NSAIDs联合关节腔内糖皮质激素注射进行治疗。
持续的少关节炎或多关节炎通常使用柳氮磺吡啶[190]Burgos-Vargas R, Vazquez-Mellado J, Pacheco-Tena C, et al A 26 week randomised, double blind, placebo controlled exploratory study of sulfasalazine in juvenile onset spondyloarthropathies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002 Oct;61(10):941-2.http://ard.bmj.com/content/61/10/941.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12228171?tool=bestpractice.com 或甲氨蝶呤治疗。甲氨蝶呤的使用主要基于治疗其他亚型的幼年特发性关节炎的有效证据,因为没有甲氨蝶呤治疗儿童脊柱关节病相关关节炎的随机对照临床试验。[191]Kemper AR, Van Mater HA, Coeytaux RR, et al. Systematic review of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs for juvenile idiopathic arthritis. BMC Pediatr. 2012 Mar 15;12:29.http://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2431-12-29http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22420649?tool=bestpractice.com[192]Hashkes PJ, Laxer RM. Medical treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. JAMA. 2005 Oct 5;294(13):1671-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16204667?tool=bestpractice.com
通常很难治疗附着点炎(肌腱或韧带附着于骨的位置的炎症),但在放射学引导下的局部注射治疗可能有效。合并数据以及个案和观察报告支持应用 TNF-α 抑制剂治疗附着点炎相关关节炎患儿的附着点炎、炎性腰背痛和外周关节炎。[193]Tse SM, Burgos-Vargas R, Laxer RM. Anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha blockade in the treatment of juvenile spondylarthropathy. Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Jul;52(7):2103-8.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.21121/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15986366?tool=bestpractice.com[194]Tse SM, Laxer RM, Babyn PS, et al. Radiologic improvement of juvenile idiopathic arthritis-enthesitis-related arthritis following anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha blockade with etanercept. J Rheumatol. 2006 Jun;33(6):1186-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16755667?tool=bestpractice.com[195]Otten MH, Prince FH, Twilt M, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-blocking agents for children with enthesitis-related arthritis- data from the Dutch arthritis and biologicals in children register, 1999-2010. J Rheumatol. 2011 Oct;38(10):2258-63.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21844151?tool=bestpractice.com[196]Constantin T, Foeldvari I, Vojinovic J, et al. Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation (PRINTO). Two-year efficacy and safety of etanercept in pediatric patients with extended oligoarthritis, enthesitis-related arthritis, or psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2016 Apr;43(4):816-24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26932344?tool=bestpractice.com[197]Burgos-Vargas R, Tse SM, Horneff G, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter dtudy of sdalimumab in pediatric patients with enthesitis-related arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2015 Nov;67(11):1503-12.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/acr.22657http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26223543?tool=bestpractice.com
在幼年关节炎亚型(包括脊柱关节炎)患儿中进行的一项多中心开放性研究中,依那西普在改善临床症状方面显示出了持续疗效(持续 96 周),且无重大安全性问题。[196]Constantin T, Foeldvari I, Vojinovic J, et al. Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation (PRINTO). Two-year efficacy and safety of etanercept in pediatric patients with extended oligoarthritis, enthesitis-related arthritis, or psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2016 Apr;43(4):816-24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26932344?tool=bestpractice.com
一项双盲、安慰剂对照随机临床试验使用英夫利西单抗和阿达木单抗治疗青少年附着点炎相关性关节炎,研究结果显示在治疗 12 周时症状和体征得到改善,持续改善至 52 周,安全性特征与之前的阿达木单抗研究结果一致。[197]Burgos-Vargas R, Tse SM, Horneff G, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter dtudy of sdalimumab in pediatric patients with enthesitis-related arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2015 Nov;67(11):1503-12.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/acr.22657http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26223543?tool=bestpractice.com