应尽早确认少数造血干细胞移植候选者,并转诊进行移植评估。对于那些等待接受移植患者以及所有其他患者,给予的治疗主要是支持性的,性质上属于姑息性,提供输血、生长因子支持,以及低强度的化疗。[13]Greenberg PL, Attar E, Battiwalla M, et al. Myelodysplastic syndromes. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2008;6:902-926.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18926100?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Srinivasan S, Schiffer CA. Current treatment options and strategies for myelodysplastic syndromes. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008;9:1667-1678.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18570600?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Fey MF, Dreyling M; ESMO Guidelines Working Group. Acute myeloblastic leukaemias and myelodysplastic syndromes in adult patients: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2010;21(suppl 5):v158-v161.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/suppl_5/v158.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20555069?tool=bestpractice.com[23]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: myelodysplastic syndromes. http://www.nccn.org/ (last accessed 18 September 2017).http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp#site
治疗目标包括改善血细胞计数(以此通过减少输血需求从而提高生活质量)、延缓进展为急性髓系白血病并延长总体生存期。美国国立综合癌症网络建议应根据患者的年龄、病情和国际预后评分系统 (IPSS) 危险评估确定治疗的强度。[20]Greenberg PL, Baer MR, Bennett JM, et al. Myelodysplastic syndromes clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2006;4:58-77.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16403405?tool=bestpractice.com[23]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: myelodysplastic syndromes. http://www.nccn.org/ (last accessed 18 September 2017).http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp#site 对于一般情况不佳患者,只建议采取支持疗法。
同种异体造血干细胞移植
是唯一可能治愈的疗法,但许多患者由于高龄、缺乏匹配的供者或有共病而不适合此疗法。一般情况良好、IPSS 中危-2或高风险疾病、有供者,以及无合并症的患者,应及时转诊接受移植评估。[24]Cutler CS, Lee SJ, Greenberg P, et al. A decision analysis of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for the myelodysplastic syndromes: delayed transplantation for low-risk myelodysplasia is associated with improved outcome. Blood. 2004;104:579-585.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15039286?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Oliansky DM, Antin JH, Bennett JM, et al. The role of cytotoxic therapy with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the therapy of myelodysplastic syndromes: an evidence-based review. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2009;15:137-172.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19167676?tool=bestpractice.com 在进行移植评估时应视需要给予支持治疗。
针对有症状的血细胞减少症的输血
所有患者均应接受支持疗法,且在需要时进行输血,并根据需要给予铁螯合治疗。每个贫血患者出现症状的血红蛋白水平可能不同,当症状出现时,应当予以输血治疗。当发生出血,或血小板低于 10 × 10^9/L 时,或启动计划的医疗操作或手术之前,可考虑给予血小板输注。
针对有症状的血细胞减少症的生长因子使用
造血生长因子是贫血和合并复发和/或耐药感染的中性粒细胞减少的一线疗法。[26]Moyo V, Lefebvre P, Duh MS, et al. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in the treatment of anemia in myelodysplastic syndromes: a meta-analysis. Ann Hematol. 2008;87:527-536.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18351340?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Ross SD, Allen IE, Probst CA, et al. Efficacy and safety of erythropoiesis-stimulating proteins in myelodysplastic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncologist. 2007;12:1264-1273.http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/content/12/10/1264.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17962620?tool=bestpractice.com 对于中性粒细胞减少症,复发性和/或耐药性感染影响生活质量和抗生素选择时,可给予粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF,也被称为非格司亭)治疗,但不推荐用作无感染情况下的预防措施。当促红细胞生成素水平≤ 500 IU/L 时,应给予重组促红细胞生成素。G-CSF 可用于提高促红细胞生成素的疗效。目前的指南不推荐对无症状患者常规输血或使用促红细胞生成药物维持特定的血红蛋白水平。
有症状血细胞减少症的低强度化疗
当血清促红细胞生成素水平> 500 IU / L时,重组促红细胞生成素的疗效可能不理想,故应考虑其他疗法。[21]Srinivasan S, Schiffer CA. Current treatment options and strategies for myelodysplastic syndromes. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008;9:1667-1678.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18570600?tool=bestpractice.com
给予生长因子和输血小板支持治疗仍出现并发症的血小板减少和粒细胞减少患者,可以考虑给予DNA甲基转移酶抑制剂。[22]Fey MF, Dreyling M; ESMO Guidelines Working Group. Acute myeloblastic leukaemias and myelodysplastic syndromes in adult patients: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2010;21(suppl 5):v158-v161.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/suppl_5/v158.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20555069?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Santini V, Alessandrino PE, Angelucci E, et al. Clinical management of myelodysplastic syndromes: update of SIE, SIES, GITMO practice guidelines. Leuk Res. 2010;34:1576-1588.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20149927?tool=bestpractice.com药剂包括阿扎胞苷[29]Miller W, Holden J, George E, et al. NICE guidance on azacitidine for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes, chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia, and acute myeloid leukaemia. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12:326-327.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21598446?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Gurion R, Vidal L, Gafter-Gvili A, et al. 5-azacitidine prolongs overall survival in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Haematologica. 2010;95:303-310.http://www.haematologica.org/content/95/2/303http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19773261?tool=bestpractice.com[31]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Azacitidine for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes, chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia and acute myeloid leukaemia. March 2011. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 3 July 2017).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/TA218/ 和地西他滨。[32]Lübbert M, Suciu S, Baila L, et al. Low-dose decitabine versus best supportive care in elderly patients with intermediate- or high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) ineligible for intensive chemotherapy: final results of the randomized phase III study of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Leukemia Group and the German MDS Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:1987-1996.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21483003?tool=bestpractice.com疗效稳定的患者可继续治疗,但药物起效时间可能有所延迟,患者接受4-6个疗程治疗仍无效者方可判断治疗失败。
如果施用生长因子或DNA甲基转移酶抑制剂无效,可考虑采用抗胸腺细胞球蛋白加皮质类固醇的免疫抑制疗法。在存在自身免疫症状或低增生骨髓而无原始细胞增多时,最有可能起效。对小于60岁中危-1的患者或HLA-DR15组织分型阳性表达患者,亦可考虑。[21]Srinivasan S, Schiffer CA. Current treatment options and strategies for myelodysplastic syndromes. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008;9:1667-1678.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18570600?tool=bestpractice.com患者可能出现血细胞减少加重和过敏反应。对于某些病例,起始治疗有效但后来疗效消失,再次治疗仍可能起效。
针对染色体 5q31 缺失的来那度胺
可考虑对染色体 5q31 缺失患者给予来那度胺治疗。[33]Sekeres MA. Lenalidomide in MDS: 4th time's a charm. Blood. 2011;118:3757-3758.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21980045?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Fenaux P, Giagounidis A, Selleslag D, et al. A randomized phase 3 study of lenalidomide versus placebo in RBC transfusion-dependent patients with Low-/Intermediate-1-risk myelodysplastic syndromes with del5q. Blood. 2011;118:3765-3776.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21753188?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Leitch HA, Buckstein R, Shamy A, et al. The immunomodulatory agents lenalidomide and thalidomide for treatment of the myelodysplastic syndromes: a clinical practice guideline. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2013;85:162-192.http://www.croh-online.com/article/S1040-8428%2812%2900139-4/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22901762?tool=bestpractice.com 如果此疗法未见效果,血细胞减少症状未见改善,可按非染色体 5q31 缺失患者的治疗方案继续治疗。
临床试验
由于治疗方面的进展迅速,多数指南建议MDS患者加入良好的临床试验可获得最佳的治疗。患者经初步治疗未见效果,应该考虑进入临床试验。