案例
一名 35 岁男性表现有迅速出现的剧烈耳痛和耳闷胀感症状2 天。 患者主诉耳漏和轻度听力下降。 患者称游泳后开始出现症状。 未诉有发热症状。 查体发现,外耳道呈弥漫性红肿。 他出现耳屏触痛,牵动耳廓时也会疼痛。 由于外耳道肿胀,仅可观察到部分鼓膜。 耳甲和耳廓外观正常。 颈部检查无淋巴结肿大。
其他表现
恶性或坏死性外耳道炎在老年糖尿病患者(其糖尿病未得到控制)或免疫缺陷患者更为常见。[1]Rosenfeld RM, Schwartz SR, Cannon CR, et al. American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. Clinical practice guideline: acute otitis externa. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014;150(suppl 1):S1-S24.http://oto.sagepub.com/content/150/1_suppl/S1.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24491310?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Lee SK, Lee SA, Seon SW, et al. Analysis of prognostic factors in malignant external otitis. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol. 2017 Sep;10(3):228-35.https://www.e-ceo.org/journal/view.php?id=10.21053/ceo.2016.00612http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27671716?tool=bestpractice.com 在恶性外耳道炎,其感染和炎症过程不仅累及到外耳道皮肤和软组织,还可累及到颞骨骨组织。[5]Walshe P, Cleary M, McConn WR, et al. Malignant otitis externa: a high index of suspicion is still needed for diagnosis. Irish Med J. 2002;95:14-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11928781?tool=bestpractice.com 如果不予治疗,可导致岩骨和/或颅底骨髓炎。[5]Walshe P, Cleary M, McConn WR, et al. Malignant otitis externa: a high index of suspicion is still needed for diagnosis. Irish Med J. 2002;95:14-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11928781?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Johnson AK, Batra PS. Central skull base osteomyelitis: an emerging clinical entity. Laryngoscope. 2014 May;124(5):1083-7.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/lary.24440/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24115113?tool=bestpractice.com 最常见的致病菌为假单胞菌属。[1]Rosenfeld RM, Schwartz SR, Cannon CR, et al. American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. Clinical practice guideline: acute otitis externa. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014;150(suppl 1):S1-S24.http://oto.sagepub.com/content/150/1_suppl/S1.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24491310?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Walshe P, Cleary M, McConn WR, et al. Malignant otitis externa: a high index of suspicion is still needed for diagnosis. Irish Med J. 2002;95:14-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11928781?tool=bestpractice.com 患者通常表现有剧烈耳痛、耳漏和耳闷胀感,常规AOE治疗对之无效。根据症状发展阶段和侵犯范围的不同,患者可出现面神经功能减弱和其他颅神经异常症状。[1]Rosenfeld RM, Schwartz SR, Cannon CR, et al. American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. Clinical practice guideline: acute otitis externa. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014;150(suppl 1):S1-S24.http://oto.sagepub.com/content/150/1_suppl/S1.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24491310?tool=bestpractice.com 查体可见外耳道肿胀,外耳道底部有肉芽组织生长。[1]Rosenfeld RM, Schwartz SR, Cannon CR, et al. American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. Clinical practice guideline: acute otitis externa. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014;150(suppl 1):S1-S24.http://oto.sagepub.com/content/150/1_suppl/S1.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24491310?tool=bestpractice.com 诊断通常可根据 CT 或 MRI 扫描作出,可显示软组织和骨质破坏的存在。[5]Walshe P, Cleary M, McConn WR, et al. Malignant otitis externa: a high index of suspicion is still needed for diagnosis. Irish Med J. 2002;95:14-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11928781?tool=bestpractice.com 锝-99 或镓扫描可显示颞骨和/或颅底部位放射性同位素摄取增强。
耳真菌病为真菌性外耳道炎。 急性真菌性外耳道炎较急性细菌性外耳道炎少见。[1]Rosenfeld RM, Schwartz SR, Cannon CR, et al. American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. Clinical practice guideline: acute otitis externa. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014;150(suppl 1):S1-S24.http://oto.sagepub.com/content/150/1_suppl/S1.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24491310?tool=bestpractice.com 最常见的致病菌为曲霉菌属。[3]Hirsch BE. Infections of the external ear. Am J Otolaryngol. 1992;13:145-155.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1626615?tool=bestpractice.com 可表现有耳痛、耳痒、耳闷胀感和耳漏等类似症状。查体发现,外耳道皮肤肿胀和分泌物增多。出现黑色孢子提示黑曲霉为致病菌。[1]Rosenfeld RM, Schwartz SR, Cannon CR, et al. American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. Clinical practice guideline: acute otitis externa. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014;150(suppl 1):S1-S24.http://oto.sagepub.com/content/150/1_suppl/S1.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24491310?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Hirsch BE. Infections of the external ear. Am J Otolaryngol. 1992;13:145-155.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1626615?tool=bestpractice.com 通常可见到白色丝状菌丝。可借助于显微镜检查和外耳道分泌物细菌培养明确诊断。抗菌药物治疗无效的患者应怀疑患有耳真菌病。[3]Hirsch BE. Infections of the external ear. Am J Otolaryngol. 1992;13:145-155.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1626615?tool=bestpractice.com 众所周知,长期使用抗菌素滴耳剂可继发外耳道真菌感染。