外耳炎

Rosenfeld RM, Schwartz SR, Cannon CR, et al. American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. Clinical practice guideline: acute otitis externa. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014;150(suppl 1):S1-S24.

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Hirsch BE. Infections of the external ear. Am J Otolaryngol. 1992;13:145-155.

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Roland PS, Stroman DW. Microbiology of acute otitis externa. Laryngoscope. 2002;112:1166-1177.

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Osguthorpe JD, Nielsen DR. Otitis externa: review and clinical update. Am Fam Physician. 2006;74:1510-1516.

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Selesnick SH. Otitis externa: management of the recalcitrant case. Am J Otology. 1994;15:408-412.

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Dohar JE. Evolution of management approaches for otitis externa. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22:299-308.

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Mösges R, Nematian-Samani M, Hellmich M, et al. A meta-analysis of the efficacy of quinolone containing otics in comparison to antibiotic-steroid combination drugs in the local treatment of otitis externa. Curr Med Res Opin. 2011;27:2053-2060.

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Carfrae MJ, Kesser BW. Malignant otitis externa. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2008;41:537-549.

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Sander R. Otitis externa: a practical guide to treatment and prevention. Am Fam Physician. 2001;63:927-936, 941-942.

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1.  Rosenfeld RM, Schwartz SR, Cannon CR, et al. American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. Clinical practice guideline: acute otitis externa. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014;150(suppl 1):S1-S24.

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4.  Lee SK, Lee SA, Seon SW, et al. Analysis of prognostic factors in malignant external otitis. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol. 2017 Sep;10(3):228-35.

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7.  Roland PS, Stroman DW. Microbiology of acute otitis externa. Laryngoscope. 2002;112:1166-1177.

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8.  Osguthorpe JD, Nielsen DR. Otitis externa: review and clinical update. Am Fam Physician. 2006;74:1510-1516.

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9.  Rowlands S, Devalia H, Smith C, et al. Otitis externa in UK general practice: a survey using the UK General Practice Research Database. Br J Gen Pract. 2001;51:533-538.

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10.  Selesnick SH. Otitis externa: management of the recalcitrant case. Am J Otology. 1994;15:408-412.

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11.  Schwartz SR, Magit AE, Rosenfeld RM, et al. Clinical practice guideline (update): earwax (cerumen impaction). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017 Jan;156(1_suppl):S1-29.

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14.  Kaushik V, Malik T, Saeed SR. Interventions for acute otitis externa. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(1):CD004740.

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16.  Dohar JE. Evolution of management approaches for otitis externa. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22:299-308.

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17.  van Balen FA, Smit WM, Zuithoff NP, et al. Clinical efficacy of three common treatments in acute otitis externa in primary care: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2003;327:1201-1205.

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18.  Lambert IJ. A comparison of the treatment of otitis externa with "Otosporin" and aluminium acetate: a report from a services practice in Cyprus. J R Coll Gen Pract. 1981;31:291-294.

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19.  Mösges R, Schröder T, Baues CM, et al. Dexamethasone phosphate in antibiotic ear drops for the treatment of acute bacterial otitis externa. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008;24:2339-2347.

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20.  Pistorius B, Westberry K, Drehobl M, et al. Prospective, randomized, comparative trial of ciprofloxacin otic drops, with or without hydrocortisone, vs. polymyxin B-neomycin-hydrocortisone otic suspension in the treatment of acute diffuse otitis externa. Infect Dis Clin Pract. 1999;8:387-395.

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23.  Mösges R, Nematian-Samani M, Hellmich M, et al. A meta-analysis of the efficacy of quinolone containing otics in comparison to antibiotic-steroid combination drugs in the local treatment of otitis externa. Curr Med Res Opin. 2011;27:2053-2060.

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24.  Rahman A, Rizwan S, Waycaster C, et al. Pooled analysis of two clinical trials comparing the clinical outcomes of topical ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone otic suspension and polymyxin B/neomycin/hydrocortisone otic suspension for the treatment of acute otitis externa in adults and children. Clin Ther. 2007;29:1950-1956.

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31.  Phillips JS, Jones SE. Hyperbaric oxygen as an adjuvant treatment for malignant otitis externa. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(5):CD004617.

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32.  Sander R. Otitis externa: a practical guide to treatment and prevention. Am Fam Physician. 2001;63:927-936, 941-942.

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33.  Martin TJ, Kerschner JE, Flanary VA. Fungal causes of otitis externa and tympanostomy tube otorrhea. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2005;69:1503-1508.

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34.  Mion M, Bovo R, Marchese-Ragona R, et al. Outcome predictors of treatment effectiveness for fungal malignant external otitis: a systematic review. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2015 Oct;35(5):307-13.

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35.  US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA restricts use of prescription codeine pain and cough medicines and tramadol pain medicines in children; recommends against use in breastfeeding women. April 2017. https://www.fda.gov/ (last accessed 21 April 2017).

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36.  Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. Codeine: restricted use as analgesic in children and adolescents after European safety review. Drug Safety Update. 2013;6:S1.

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