细菌性
一些滴耳剂可用于一线治疗。 研究未能证明不同制剂的治疗效果有明显的差别。[1]Rosenfeld RM, Schwartz SR, Cannon CR, et al. American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. Clinical practice guideline: acute otitis externa. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014;150(suppl 1):S1-S24.http://oto.sagepub.com/content/150/1_suppl/S1.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24491310?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Kaushik V, Malik T, Saeed SR. Interventions for acute otitis externa. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(1):CD004740.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20091565?tool=bestpractice.com 滴耳剂的选择应基于患者的用药偏好以及临床医生在药物疗效、低副作用、治疗依从性和用药成本等方面进行考量后得出的经验。[1]Rosenfeld RM, Schwartz SR, Cannon CR, et al. American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. Clinical practice guideline: acute otitis externa. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014;150(suppl 1):S1-S24.http://oto.sagepub.com/content/150/1_suppl/S1.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24491310?tool=bestpractice.com 其中一种早期治疗方法是局部应用醋酸滴耳剂治疗,2007 年的一项研究证实,三氯乙酸是治疗急性外耳道炎的一种有效和安全的药物。[15]Kantas I, Balatsouras DG, Vafiadis M, et al. The use of trichloroacetic acid in the treatment of acute external otitis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;264:9-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17021784?tool=bestpractice.com
目前,抗生素滴耳液更常被用于 AOE 的治疗。[16]Dohar JE. Evolution of management approaches for otitis externa. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22:299-308.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12690268?tool=bestpractice.com治愈率:有高质量的证据表明,与醋酸滴耳剂相比,抗菌素加皮质类固醇滴耳剂可使弥漫性急性外耳道炎患者的 21 天治愈率有所提高。[17]van Balen FA, Smit WM, Zuithoff NP, et al. Clinical efficacy of three common treatments in acute otitis externa in primary care: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2003;327:1201-1205.http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/327/7425/1201http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14630756?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 含新霉素和多黏菌素 B 的滴耳液是最初使用的抗生素滴耳剂之一,对 AOE病原菌显示有明显的治疗效果。治愈率:有中等质量的证据表明,就提高急性弥漫性外耳道炎患者的 4 周治愈率来说,多黏菌素-新霉素-氢化可的松滴耳剂与醋酸铝滴耳剂同样有效。[18]Lambert IJ. A comparison of the treatment of otitis externa with "Otosporin" and aluminium acetate: a report from a services practice in Cyprus. J R Coll Gen Pract. 1981;31:291-294.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1971024/pdf/jroyalcgprac00101-0037.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6273551?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 同时发现,在该制剂中加入地塞米松可加速症状的缓解。[19]Mösges R, Schröder T, Baues CM, et al. Dexamethasone phosphate in antibiotic ear drops for the treatment of acute bacterial otitis externa. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008;24:2339-2347.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18606053?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,由于潜在耳毒性,含新霉素或多粘菌素 B 的滴耳液应避免用于伴有鼓膜穿孔的患者。[1]Rosenfeld RM, Schwartz SR, Cannon CR, et al. American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. Clinical practice guideline: acute otitis externa. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014;150(suppl 1):S1-S24.http://oto.sagepub.com/content/150/1_suppl/S1.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24491310?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Dohar JE. Evolution of management approaches for otitis externa. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22:299-308.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12690268?tool=bestpractice.com
含喹诺酮(环丙沙星和氧氟沙星)的药剂也可使用,可有效地对抗外耳道炎常见的革兰氏阴性和革兰阳性病原菌。[16]Dohar JE. Evolution of management approaches for otitis externa. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22:299-308.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12690268?tool=bestpractice.com治愈率:有中等质量的证据表明,就提高 14-28 天内的治愈率来说,氧氟沙星滴耳剂与多黏菌素-新霉素-氢化可的松滴耳剂同样有效。[20]Pistorius B, Westberry K, Drehobl M, et al. Prospective, randomized, comparative trial of ciprofloxacin otic drops, with or without hydrocortisone, vs. polymyxin B-neomycin-hydrocortisone otic suspension in the treatment of acute diffuse otitis externa. Infect Dis Clin Pract. 1999;8:387-395.受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。治愈率:高质量证据表明,就提高弥漫性外耳道炎患者的 10 天治愈率来说,氧氟沙星滴耳剂与氢化可的松-新霉素-多黏菌素 B 滴耳剂同样有效。[21]Jones RN, Milazzo J, Seidlin M. Ofloxacin otic solution for treatment of otitis externa in children and adults. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997;123:1193-1200.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9366699?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 系统评价发现,急性外耳炎患者使用环丙沙星/地塞米松合剂安全、有效。[22]Wall GM, Stroman DW, Roland PS, et al. Ciprofloxacin 0.3%/dexamethasone 0.1% sterile otic suspension for the topical treatment of ear infections: a review of the literature. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28:141-144.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19116600?tool=bestpractice.com 一项荟萃分析发现,含喹诺酮的滴耳剂的效果优于那些不含喹诺酮的复方制剂。[23]Mösges R, Nematian-Samani M, Hellmich M, et al. A meta-analysis of the efficacy of quinolone containing otics in comparison to antibiotic-steroid combination drugs in the local treatment of otitis externa. Curr Med Res Opin. 2011;27:2053-2060.http://informahealthcare.com/doi/full/10.1185/03007995.2011.616192http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21919557?tool=bestpractice.com 喹诺酮滴耳剂很少引起过敏反应,且可用于伴有鼓膜穿孔的患者。[1]Rosenfeld RM, Schwartz SR, Cannon CR, et al. American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. Clinical practice guideline: acute otitis externa. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014;150(suppl 1):S1-S24.http://oto.sagepub.com/content/150/1_suppl/S1.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24491310?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Dohar JE. Evolution of management approaches for otitis externa. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22:299-308.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12690268?tool=bestpractice.com 老滴耳液用量为一日三次,而喹诺酮滴耳剂常用剂量为一日两次,这利于患者遵从治疗。一项针对急性外耳道炎患者的随机临床研究发现,与多黏菌素 B/新霉素/氢化可的松复方滴耳剂相比,环丙沙星/地塞米松合剂可缩短治愈时间。[24]Rahman A, Rizwan S, Waycaster C, et al. Pooled analysis of two clinical trials comparing the clinical outcomes of topical ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone otic suspension and polymyxin B/neomycin/hydrocortisone otic suspension for the treatment of acute otitis externa in adults and children. Clin Ther. 2007;29:1950-1956.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18035194?tool=bestpractice.com 另一项随机临床研究显示,环丙沙星/地塞米松滴耳剂与新霉素/多黏菌素 B/氢化可的松滴耳剂联合阿莫西林全身用药对急性外耳道炎具有同样的疗效。[25]Roland PS, Belcher BP, Bettis R, et al; Cipro HC Study Group. A single topical agent is clinically equivalent to the combination of topical and oral antibiotic treatment for otitis externa. Am J Otolaryngol. 2008;29:255-261.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18598837?tool=bestpractice.com 这些观察使得用药选择倾向于使用含有喹诺酮的滴耳剂。[16]Dohar JE. Evolution of management approaches for otitis externa. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22:299-308.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12690268?tool=bestpractice.com 但老的滴耳液的使用仍很普遍,其费用较低而容易承受。
一种新的喹诺酮类药物,非那沙星滴耳剂,现已获得美国食品和药品监督管理局(FDA) 的批准使用,用于治疗可能由绿脓杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌所引起的急性外耳道炎。
对已知或疑有鼓膜穿孔的患者应特别谨慎,以避免穿孔的鼓膜暴露于耳毒性滴耳剂(含氨基糖苷类抗生素和乙醇的滴耳剂)。[1]Rosenfeld RM, Schwartz SR, Cannon CR, et al. American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. Clinical practice guideline: acute otitis externa. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014;150(suppl 1):S1-S24.http://oto.sagepub.com/content/150/1_suppl/S1.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24491310?tool=bestpractice.com 在这种情况下,可使用氧氟沙星或环丙沙星/地塞米松滴耳剂。[1]Rosenfeld RM, Schwartz SR, Cannon CR, et al. American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. Clinical practice guideline: acute otitis externa. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014;150(suppl 1):S1-S24.http://oto.sagepub.com/content/150/1_suppl/S1.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24491310?tool=bestpractice.com
滴耳剂治疗 48~72 小时后无效的患者,建议进行外耳道分泌物细菌培养、并清除其外耳道碎屑。 如无真菌感染的证据,口服抗生素也有益于这类患者的治疗。 细菌培养和药敏试验可能有助于指导难治性病例的抗生素治疗。
真菌性毛囊炎
有关真菌性外耳道炎的一线疗法仍存有争论。[3]Hirsch BE. Infections of the external ear. Am J Otolaryngol. 1992;13:145-155.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1626615?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,多数病例使用酸性滴耳剂有效。[32]Sander R. Otitis externa: a practical guide to treatment and prevention. Am Fam Physician. 2001;63:927-936, 941-942.http://www.aafp.org/afp/20010301/927.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11261868?tool=bestpractice.com 酸性滴耳剂治疗无效的患者可使用抗真菌滴耳剂治疗。[32]Sander R. Otitis externa: a practical guide to treatment and prevention. Am Fam Physician. 2001;63:927-936, 941-942.http://www.aafp.org/afp/20010301/927.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11261868?tool=bestpractice.com 如果培养出念珠菌,口服抗真菌药物(如氟康唑、伊曲康唑)可能会有帮助。[10]Selesnick SH. Otitis externa: management of the recalcitrant case. Am J Otology. 1994;15:408-412.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8579150?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Martin TJ, Kerschner JE, Flanary VA. Fungal causes of otitis externa and tympanostomy tube otorrhea. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2005;69:1503-1508.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15927274?tool=bestpractice.com 需进一步研究以评价口服抗真菌药对耳真菌病的益处。[33]Martin TJ, Kerschner JE, Flanary VA. Fungal causes of otitis externa and tympanostomy tube otorrhea. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2005;69:1503-1508.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15927274?tool=bestpractice.com 重复清洁外耳道也是治疗的重要部分。 在伴有鼓膜穿孔的患者可使用托萘酯滴耳剂以防产生耳毒性。[32]Sander R. Otitis externa: a practical guide to treatment and prevention. Am Fam Physician. 2001;63:927-936, 941-942.http://www.aafp.org/afp/20010301/927.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11261868?tool=bestpractice.com 继发于曲霉菌感染的 AOE 可能需要口服伊曲康唑。[32]Sander R. Otitis externa: a practical guide to treatment and prevention. Am Fam Physician. 2001;63:927-936, 941-942.http://www.aafp.org/afp/20010301/927.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11261868?tool=bestpractice.com 如果真菌性中耳炎难以治愈,并伴有病情进展,须考虑真菌性恶性外耳炎。[34]Mion M, Bovo R, Marchese-Ragona R, et al. Outcome predictors of treatment effectiveness for fungal malignant external otitis: a systematic review. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2015 Oct;35(5):307-13.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4720925/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26824911?tool=bestpractice.com