患者应保持终身治疗,这包括建立持续稳定的抗精神病治疗方案和社会心理干预,这些都需要一个综合性随访计划来支持。由于患者常常对自身情况认识不足,依从性不足是此人群中的重要挑战。[80]Amador XF, Flaum M, Andreasen NC, et al. Awareness of illness in schizophrenia and schizoaffective and mood disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994 Oct;51(10):826-36.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7944872?tool=bestpractice.com 重要的是早发现早治疗,这样可以缩短精神疾病症状持续时间,同时可能带来更好的结局。[44]Loebel AD, Lieberman JA, Alvir JM, et al. Duration of psychosis and outcome in first-episode schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1992 Sep;149(9):1183-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1503130?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Malla AK, Norman RM, Manchanda R, et al. One year outcome in first episode psychosis: influence of DUP and other predictors. Schizophr Res. 2002 Apr 1;54(3):231-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11950548?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Norman RM, Malla AK. Duration of untreated psychosis: a critical examination of the concept and its importance. Psychol Med. 2001 Apr;31(3):381-400.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11305847?tool=bestpractice.com[47]McGrath J, Emmerson WB. Fortnightly review. Treatment of schizophrenia. BMJ. 1999 Oct 16;319(7216):1045-8.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1116843/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10521199?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Harding CM. Course types in schizophrenia: an analysis of European and American studies. Schizophr Bull. 1988;14(4):633-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3064287?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Beels CC. Social support and schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1981;7(1):58-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7233113?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Ciompi L. Catamnestic long-term study on the course of life and aging of schizophrenics. Schizophr Bull. 1980;6(4):606-18.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7444392?tool=bestpractice.com[51]McGlashan TH. Duration of untreated psychosis in first-episode schizophrenia: marker or determinant of course? Biol Psychiatry. 1999 Oct 1;46(7):899-907.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10509173?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Larsen TK, Moe LC, Vibe-Hansen L, et al. Premorbid functioning versus duration of untreated psychosis in 1 year outcome in first-episode psychosis. Schizophr Res. 2000 Sep 29;45(1-2):1-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10978867?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Larsen TK, McGlashan TH, Johannessen JO, et al. Shortened duration of untreated first episode of psychosis: changes in patient characteristics at treatment. Am J Psychiatry. 2001 Nov;158(11):1917-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11691702?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Harrigan SM, McGorry PD, Krstev H. Does treatment delay in first-episode psychosis really matter? Psychol Med. 2003 Jan;33(1):97-110.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12537041?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Craig TJ, Bromet EJ, Fennig S, et al. Is there an association between duration of untreated psychosis and 24-month clinical outcome in a first-admission series? Am J Psychiatry. 2000 Jan;157(1):60-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10618014?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Robinson DG, Woerner MG, Alvir JM, et al. Predictors of treatment response from a first episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1999 Apr;156(4):544-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10200732?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Robinson D, Woerner MG, Alvir JM, et al. Predictors of relapse following response from a first episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999 Mar;56(3):241-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10078501?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Marshall M, Rathbone J. Early intervention for psychosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jun 15;(6):CD004718.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004718.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21678345?tool=bestpractice.com 精神分裂症与躯体疾病的发生率增加有关。与一般人群相比,该疾病还与寿命减少约 14.5 年有关,男性寿命平均减少 15.9 年,女性寿命平均减少 13.6 年。[81]Hjorthøj C, Stürup AE, McGrath JJ, et al. Years of potential life lost and life expectancy in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;4(4):295-301.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28237639?tool=bestpractice.com 管理精神分裂症药物的不良反应是至关重要的,因为这些不良反应中很多都会进一步增加躯体疾病的风险。
药物治疗:一般治疗原则
精神病预防
如果认为某人罹患精神病的风险增加,则建议向其提供认知行为治疗 (cognitive behavioural therapy, CBT),而不要开始任何抗精神病药物治疗。[82]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Psychosis and schizophrenia in adults: prevention and management. March 2014 [internet publication].http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg178 应处理情绪、心理社会学和其他应激因素。应该对焦虑、抑郁、药物滥用和人格障碍进行筛查和治疗。
急性精神病发作
首选治疗药物为抗精神病药(一代或二代)。一般情况下,二代抗精神病药要优于一代,因为服用二代药物后不良反应的风险更低。
一项系统评价的结果显示,对于首次发病的精神分裂症的急性治疗,相比第二代抗精神病药物,氟哌啶醇可能仅为次优治疗方案(基于普遍较低质量的证据和小样本量)。[83]Zhu Y, Krause M, Huhn M, et al. Antipsychotic drugs for the acute treatment of patients with a first episode of schizophrenia: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017 Sep;4(9):694-705.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28736102?tool=bestpractice.com
对于刚确诊的患者,一线治疗推荐使用抗精神病药,而不是氯氮平或奥氮平。[84]Kreyenbuhl J, Buchanan RW, Dickerson FB, et al. The Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT): updated treatment recommendations 2009. Schizophr Bull. 2010 Jan;36(1):94-103.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2800150/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19955388?tool=bestpractice.com
初次发作应采取至少 1 年的抗精神病药物治疗。一般情况下,初次发作治疗需要的抗精神病药物剂量比治疗慢性疾病或复发疾病患者需要的剂量低。[85]Hasan A, Falkai P, Wobrock T, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of schizophrenia, part 1: update 2012 on the acute treatment of schizophrenia and the management of treatment resistance. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Jul;13(5):318-78.http://www.wfsbp.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Treatment_Guidelines/WFBSP_SZ_Guidelines_Part1_2012.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22834451?tool=bestpractice.com
早期干预可降低复发或再次住院治疗的风险。[85]Hasan A, Falkai P, Wobrock T, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of schizophrenia, part 1: update 2012 on the acute treatment of schizophrenia and the management of treatment resistance. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Jul;13(5):318-78.http://www.wfsbp.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Treatment_Guidelines/WFBSP_SZ_Guidelines_Part1_2012.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22834451?tool=bestpractice.com
在抗精神病药物生效前,苯二氮卓类药物可能有助于缓解感情痛苦、失眠和继发于精神病的其他行为障碍。[85]Hasan A, Falkai P, Wobrock T, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of schizophrenia, part 1: update 2012 on the acute treatment of schizophrenia and the management of treatment resistance. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Jul;13(5):318-78.http://www.wfsbp.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Treatment_Guidelines/WFBSP_SZ_Guidelines_Part1_2012.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22834451?tool=bestpractice.com
劳拉西泮和第一代抗精神病药物对继发于急性精神病的攻击和精神运动性激越的疗效类似。采用劳拉西泮和短效肌肉注射抗精神病药物联合治疗可能改善继发于精神病的攻击性。[85]Hasan A, Falkai P, Wobrock T, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of schizophrenia, part 1: update 2012 on the acute treatment of schizophrenia and the management of treatment resistance. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Jul;13(5):318-78.http://www.wfsbp.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Treatment_Guidelines/WFBSP_SZ_Guidelines_Part1_2012.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22834451?tool=bestpractice.com
对于缓解继发于急性精神病的激越症状,肌肉注射非典型抗精神病药物(阿立哌唑、奥氮平和齐拉西酮)的疗效并不亚于肌肉注射氟哌啶醇。肌内注射非典型抗精神病药物与肌内注射典型抗精神病药物相比,引起心脏和代谢不良反应的风险较高,但是引起的运动副作用的风险较低。
有较低质量的证据表明,对继发于精神病的急性敌对或激越的处理,肌内注射奥氮平可能优于肌内注射阿立哌唑。[86]Ostinelli EG, Jajawi S, Spyridi S, et al. Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis-induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jan 8;(1):CD008074.http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008074.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29308601?tool=bestpractice.com
由于导致猝死的风险增加,因此建议避免采用肌肉注射奥氮平与苯二氮卓类药物联合治疗。另外,由于存在呼吸衰竭的风险,因此应避免采用肌肉注射苯二氮卓类药物与氯氮平联合治疗。[85]Hasan A, Falkai P, Wobrock T, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of schizophrenia, part 1: update 2012 on the acute treatment of schizophrenia and the management of treatment resistance. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Jul;13(5):318-78.http://www.wfsbp.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Treatment_Guidelines/WFBSP_SZ_Guidelines_Part1_2012.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22834451?tool=bestpractice.com
吸入洛沙平可用于治疗急性精神病患者的激越症状。该制剂起效快、耐受性好且易于给药,此外,与口服或肌肉注射抗精神病药物相比,患者和医务工作人员更容易接受。
病情急性加重的精神分裂症患者(首次发作后)的一线治疗应采用一种抗精神病药物而不是氯氮平。[84]Kreyenbuhl J, Buchanan RW, Dickerson FB, et al. The Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT): updated treatment recommendations 2009. Schizophr Bull. 2010 Jan;36(1):94-103.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2800150/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19955388?tool=bestpractice.com 应对之前治疗的信息,例如剂量、治疗时间、患者对每种特定药剂的反应进行收集。恰当选择药物时需考虑临床表现、患者偏好、之前的药物治疗依从性、药物直接和长期的不良反应、[87]Leucht S, Tardy M, Komossa K, et al. Maintenance treatment with antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 May 16;(5):CD008016.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008016.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22592725?tool=bestpractice.com[88]Leucht S, Tardy M, Komossa K, et al. Antipsychotic drugs versus placebo for relapse prevention in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2012 Jun 2;379(9831):2063-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22560607?tool=bestpractice.com 对既往干预措施的反应,以及对患者及其家庭带来的财务费用。[84]Kreyenbuhl J, Buchanan RW, Dickerson FB, et al. The Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT): updated treatment recommendations 2009. Schizophr Bull. 2010 Jan;36(1):94-103.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2800150/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19955388?tool=bestpractice.com
患者的服药剂量应为能控制其症状的最小剂量,并且对患者进行充分随访以调节药物、监测不良反应。[89]Bola J, Kao D, Soydan H. Antipsychotic medication for early episode schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jun 15;(6):CD006374.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006374.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21678355?tool=bestpractice.com 药物治疗应长期持续,但如果无法忍受不良反应,则应调整剂量或停止使用。剂量和治疗效果间没有相关性,但锥体外系症状(如静坐不能、帕金森症、肌张力障碍)的风险随剂量增加而增加。
如果患者在接受 2 周的抗精神病药物治疗后毫无改善,那么之后也不可能对药物有反应,改变治疗方法或许能够获益。[90]Samara MT, Leucht C, Leeflang MM, et al. Early improvement as a predictor of later response to antipsychotics in schizophrenia: a diagnostic test review. Am J Psychiatry. 2015 Jul;172(7):617-29.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26046338?tool=bestpractice.com
在对治疗有反应的患者中,对于疾病急剧恶化而出现精神分裂症状多次发作的患者,需考虑使用新的药物进行治疗。新药物治疗试验的推荐时间是最短 2 周,而上限则为 6 周以观察最佳治疗反应。如果疗效显著,必须调节药物并继续长期用药。[62]Klosterkötter J, Hellmich M, Steinmeyer EM, et al. Diagnosing schizophrenia in the initial prodromal phase. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001 Feb;58(2):158-64.http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=481713http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11177117?tool=bestpractice.com
如果患者的病情得到了很好的控制,而且没有出现不可接受的副作用,则不建议将典型抗精神病药物换成非典型抗精神病药物。[85]Hasan A, Falkai P, Wobrock T, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of schizophrenia, part 1: update 2012 on the acute treatment of schizophrenia and the management of treatment resistance. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Jul;13(5):318-78.http://www.wfsbp.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Treatment_Guidelines/WFBSP_SZ_Guidelines_Part1_2012.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22834451?tool=bestpractice.com
如果急性恶化由不依从性引起,而且先前使用的药物有效,则应重新开始使用该药物,同时也可以根据需要进行调整。
对于残余的阴性症状,应考虑将药物换成非典型抗精神病药物或使用增强治疗策略。[85]Hasan A, Falkai P, Wobrock T, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of schizophrenia, part 1: update 2012 on the acute treatment of schizophrenia and the management of treatment resistance. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Jul;13(5):318-78.http://www.wfsbp.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Treatment_Guidelines/WFBSP_SZ_Guidelines_Part1_2012.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22834451?tool=bestpractice.com
对于首次发生精神病的儿童和青少年,关于治疗选择,目前尚缺乏试验数据。这些数据很重要,因为依据成人研究进行推导不一定恰当。由于所有的精神病治疗药物均与重要的不良反应有关,对于儿童和青少年,在启动治疗前,仔细进行风险/获益分析很重要。
一项头对头随机对照试验在首次发生精神病的儿童和青少年中比较了喹硫平缓释剂与阿立哌唑的效果,发现在治疗 12 周后,两治疗组精神病症状的严重程度无显著差异。喹硫平缓释剂与更高的代谢不良事件发生率有关,而阿立哌唑与更高的初始静坐不能和镇静发生率有关。[91]Pagsberg AK, Jeppesen P, Klauber DG, et al. Quetiapine extended release versus aripiprazole in children and adolescents with first-episode psychosis: the multicentre, double-blind, randomised tolerability and efficacy of antipsychotics (TEA) trial. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017 Aug;4(8):605-18.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28599949?tool=bestpractice.com
维持治疗
对于维持疗法,建议持续治疗。间歇性的针对性治疗可能会增加症状恶化和复发的风险,所以并不建议。[84]Kreyenbuhl J, Buchanan RW, Dickerson FB, et al. The Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT): updated treatment recommendations 2009. Schizophr Bull. 2010 Jan;36(1):94-103.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2800150/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19955388?tool=bestpractice.com[85]Hasan A, Falkai P, Wobrock T, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of schizophrenia, part 1: update 2012 on the acute treatment of schizophrenia and the management of treatment resistance. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Jul;13(5):318-78.http://www.wfsbp.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Treatment_Guidelines/WFBSP_SZ_Guidelines_Part1_2012.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22834451?tool=bestpractice.com 对于多次发作以及终身持续使用抗精神病药物的严重病例,建议进行至少 2-5 年的维持治疗。治疗的持续时间应该根据患者的积极性和心理社会学因素进行个体化处理。并没有可靠的治疗方案可以确定预防复发的最小有效剂量。[85]Hasan A, Falkai P, Wobrock T, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of schizophrenia, part 1: update 2012 on the acute treatment of schizophrenia and the management of treatment resistance. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Jul;13(5):318-78.http://www.wfsbp.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Treatment_Guidelines/WFBSP_SZ_Guidelines_Part1_2012.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22834451?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What are the effects of maintenance treatment with antipsychotic drugs in people with schizophrenia?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.1167/full显示答案
一些精神分裂症患者在接受初始抗精神病治疗后症状仅有限的改善。在这种情况下,有时会联合使用抗精神病药物,即在初始药物的基础上加用第 2 种抗精神病药物。一项针对随机对照研究的 Cochrane meta 分析(基于极低或低质量证据)发现,大多数接受抗精神病联合治疗的患者出现了症状改善。在复发率、住院率、副作用发生率或治疗停用率方面,单药治疗与联合治疗无显著差异。[92]Ortiz-Orendain J, Castiello-de Obeso S, Colunga-Lozano LE, et al. Antipsychotic combinations for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jun 28;(6):CD009005.http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009005.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28658515?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How do antipsychotic combinations compare with antipsychotic monotherapy for people with schizophrenia?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.1857/full显示答案
对于治疗耐受的情况,如患者对至少 2 次足量试用 2 种不同抗精神病药物的治疗无反应,推荐使用氯氮平。[93]Siskind D, McCartney L, Goldschlager R, et al. Clozapine v. first- and second-generation antipsychotics in treatment-refractory schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2016 Nov;209(5):385-92.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27388573?tool=bestpractice.com 对于那些表现为敌视和/或暴力行为等持续性症状的精神分裂症患者以及那些有明显和持续性自杀倾向的精神分裂症患者,也可考虑使用氯氮平。[84]Kreyenbuhl J, Buchanan RW, Dickerson FB, et al. The Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT): updated treatment recommendations 2009. Schizophr Bull. 2010 Jan;36(1):94-103.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2800150/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19955388?tool=bestpractice.com 应尝试使用氯氮平治疗应至少持续 8 周,但是如果在第 6 个月时无反应,则之后应考虑使用不良反应风险较低的药物。[84]Kreyenbuhl J, Buchanan RW, Dickerson FB, et al. The Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT): updated treatment recommendations 2009. Schizophr Bull. 2010 Jan;36(1):94-103.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2800150/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19955388?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Siskind D, McCartney L, Goldschlager R, et al. Clozapine v. first- and second-generation antipsychotics in treatment-refractory schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2016 Nov;209(5):385-92.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27388573?tool=bestpractice.com[94]Suzuki T, Remington G, Arenovich T, et al. Time course of improvement with antipsychotic medication in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 2011 Oct;199(4):275-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22187729?tool=bestpractice.com
对于具有广泛的不依从性病史的患者,尤其是同时共病药物滥用的患者,应考虑使用长效可注射药物。[95]Leucht C, Heres S, Kane JM, et al. Oral versus depot antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia - a critical systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised long-term trials. Schizophr Res. 2011 Apr;127(1-3):83-92.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21257294?tool=bestpractice.com[96]Koola MM, Wehring HJ, Kelly DL. The potential role of long-acting injectable antipsychotics in people with schizophrenia and comorbid substance use. J Dual Diagn. 2012;8(1):50-61.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3383636/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22754405?tool=bestpractice.com 与口服抗精神病药相比,长效的抗精神病药注射制剂[97]Kishimoto T, Nitta M, Borenstein M, et al. Long-acting injectable versus oral antipsychotics in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of mirror-image studies. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013 Oct;74(10):957-65.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24229745?tool=bestpractice.com 可能能够降低复发风险[98]Tiihonen J, Mittendorfer-Rutz E, Majak M, et al. Real-world effectiveness of antipsychotic treatments in a nationwide cohort of 29 823 patients with schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017 Jul 1;74(7):686-93.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28593216?tool=bestpractice.com 以及再住院的风险。依据药物的不同,从口服剂型向肌肉注射剂型转换的程序也有所不同。一些药物需要在其肌肉注射剂型开始之前或同时停用口服剂型,而其他药物则需在其肌肉注射剂型开始后逐渐减少口服剂型剂量。
第二代抗精神病药物
第二代抗精神病药物包括:阿立哌唑、[99]Belgamwar RB, El-Sayeh HG. Aripiprazole vs placebo for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2012 May;38(3):382-3.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3329998/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22454550?tool=bestpractice.com[100]Belgamwar RB, El-Sayeh HG. Aripiprazole versus placebo for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Aug 10;(8):CD006622.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006622.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21833956?tool=bestpractice.com[101]Khanna P, Suo T, Komossa K, et al. Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jan 2;(1):CD006569.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006569.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24385408?tool=bestpractice.com 奥氮平、帕利哌酮、[102]Bellantuono C, Santone G. Efficacy, tolerability and safety of paliperidone extended-release in the treatment of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder [in Italian]. Riv Psichiatr. 2012 Jan-Feb;47(1):5-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22358213?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Singh J, Robb A, Vijapurkar U, et al. A randomized, double-blind study of paliperidone extended-release in treatment of acute schizophrenia in adolescents. Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Dec 15;70(12):1179-87.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21831359?tool=bestpractice.com 喹硫平、[104]Srisurapanont M, Maneeton B, Maneeton N. Quetiapine for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(2):CD000967.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000967.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15106155?tool=bestpractice.com[105]Sparshatt A, Taylor D, Patel MX, et al. Relationship between daily dose, plasma concentrations, dopamine receptor occupancy, and clinical response to quetiapine: a review. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011 Aug;72(8):1108-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21294996?tool=bestpractice.com 利培酮、[106]Li C, Xia J, Wang J. Risperidone dose for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Oct 7;(4):CD007474.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007474.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19821422?tool=bestpractice.com 齐拉西酮、[107]Bagnall A, Lewis RA, Leitner ML, et al. Ziprasidone for schizophrenia and severe mental illness. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(4):CD001945.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001945/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11034737?tool=bestpractice.com 阿塞那平、[108]Hay A, Byers A, Sereno M, et al. Asenapine versus placebo for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Nov 24;(11):CD011458.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011458.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26599405?tool=bestpractice.com 鲁拉西酮
(lurasidone)、[109]Citrome L. Lurasidone for schizophrenia: a review of the efficacy and safety profile for this newly approved second-generation antipsychotic. Int J Clin Pract. 2011 Feb;65(2):189-210.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1742-1241.2010.02587.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21129135?tool=bestpractice.com[110]Citrome L, Cucchiaro J, Sarma K, et al. Long-term safety and tolerability of lurasidone in schizophrenia: a 12-month, double-blind, active-controlled study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012 May;27(3):165-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22395527?tool=bestpractice.com 伊潘立酮(未批准在欧盟使用)、[111]European Medicines Agency. Questions and answers: refusal of the marketing authorisation for Fanaptum (iloperidone). November 2017 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/medicines/004149/smops/Negative/human_smop_001181.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001d127 依匹哌唑 (brexpiprazole)、[112]Correll CU, Skuban A, Ouyang J, et al. Efficacy and safety of brexpiprazole for the treatment of acute schizophrenia: a 6-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2015 Sep 1;172(9):870-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25882325?tool=bestpractice.com 卡利拉嗪、[113]Durgam S, Starace A, Li D, et al. An evaluation of the safety and efficacy of cariprazine in patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia: a phase II, randomized clinical trial. Schizophr Res. 2014 Feb;152(2-3):450-7.http://www.schres-journal.com/article/S0920-9964%2813%2900658-0/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24412468?tool=bestpractice.com 和氯氮平。[114]Nielsen J, Damkier P, Lublin H, et al. Optimizing clozapine treatment. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2011 Jun;123(6):411-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21534935?tool=bestpractice.com 帕利哌酮是利培酮的活性代谢物。[115]Nussbaum A, Stroup TS. Paliperidone for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Apr 16;(2):CD006369.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006369.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18425951?tool=bestpractice.com[116]Nussbaum AM, Stroup TS. Paliperidone palmitate for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Jun 13;(6):CD008296.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008296.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22696377?tool=bestpractice.com[117]Coppola DM, Melkote R, Lannie C, et al. Efficacy and safety of paliperidone extended release 1.5 mg/day - a double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled, study in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2011 May 15;44(2):54-72.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5044480/[118]Citrome L. Paliperidone palmitate - review of the efficacy, safety and cost of a new second-generation depot antipsychotic medication. Int J Clin Pract. 2010 Jan;64(2):216-39.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19886879?tool=bestpractice.com 利培酮、帕利哌酮、奥氮平、齐拉西酮和阿立哌唑即有长效注射剂型也有口服剂型。[118]Citrome L. Paliperidone palmitate - review of the efficacy, safety and cost of a new second-generation depot antipsychotic medication. Int J Clin Pract. 2010 Jan;64(2):216-39.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19886879?tool=bestpractice.com[119]Maayan N, Quraishi SN, David A, et al. Fluphenazine decanoate (depot) and enanthate for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Feb 5;(2):CD000307.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000307.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25654768?tool=bestpractice.com[120]Rosenheck RA, Krystal JH, Lew R, et al. Long-acting risperidone and oral antipsychotics in unstable schizophrenia. N Engl J Med. 2011 Mar 3;364(9):842-51.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1005987#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21366475?tool=bestpractice.com[121]Newton R, Hustig H, Lakshmana R, et al. Practical guidelines on the use of paliperidone palmitate in schizophrenia. Curr Med Res Opin. 2012 Apr;28(4):559-67.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22321007?tool=bestpractice.com[122]Ascher-Svanum H, Zhao F, Detke HC, et al. Early response predicts subsequent response to olanzapine long-acting injection in a randomized, double-blind clinical trial of treatment for schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry. 2011 Sep 23;11:152.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3187740/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21943257?tool=bestpractice.com[123]Witte MM, Case MG, Schuh KJ, et al. Effects of olanzapine long-acting injection on levels of functioning among acutely ill patients with schizophrenia. Curr Med Res Opin. 2012 Mar;28(3):315-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22236137?tool=bestpractice.com[124]Fagiolini A, De Filippis S, Azzarelli O, et al. Intramuscular aripiprazole for the treatment of agitation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: from clinical research to clinical practice [in Italian]. J Psychopath. 2013 Mar;19(1):34-41.http://www.gipsicopatol.it/issues/2013/vol19-1/SOPSI%201_13.pdf 卡利拉嗪 (capriprazine) 目前还没有被美国食品药品监督管理局 (FDA) 批准用于治疗精神分裂症的阴性症状。
针对不同的患者,需权衡第二代抗精神病药物能够降低锥体外系反应和迟发性运动障碍风险,与一些第二代抗精神病药(例如奥氮平)已被报告能够增加体重和增加代谢综合征风险之间的关系。[125]Peuskens J. Good medical practice in antipsychotic pharmacotherapy. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1998 Mar;13 suppl 3:S35-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9690969?tool=bestpractice.com
与第一代抗精神病药物相比,第二代抗精神病药物整体上能够更好的预防复发。[126]Kishimoto T, Agarwal V, Kishi T, et al. Relapse prevention in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of second-generation antipsychotics versus first-generation antipsychotics. Mol Psychiatry. 2013 Jan;18(1):53-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3320691/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22124274?tool=bestpractice.com
奥氮平可能在某种程度上优于其他二代药物;然而,当与除氯氮平以外的其他所有抗精神病药比较时,虽然氯氮平疗效稍有优势,但其体重显著增加及代谢综合征的风险较高,这二者需要小心权衡。[127]Komossa K, Rummel-Kluge C, Hunger H, et al. Olanzapine versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Mar 17;(3):CD006654.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006654.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20238348?tool=bestpractice.com
不良反应:奥氮平、[128]Buchanan RW, Panagides J, Zhao J, et al. Asenapine versus olanzapine in people with persistent negative symptoms of schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012 Feb;32(1):36-45.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22198451?tool=bestpractice.com 氯氮平、喹硫平、帕利哌酮和利培酮都能够导致体重增加,并可能导致其他代谢方面的不良反应。[129]Stephenson CM, Pilowsky LS. Psychopharmacology of olanzapine: a review. Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 1999;(38):52-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10884900?tool=bestpractice.com[130]Leucht S, Kissling W, Davis JM. Second-generation antipsychotics for schizophrenia: can we resolve the conflict? Psychol Med. 2009 Oct;39(10):1591-602.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19335931?tool=bestpractice.com[131]Naber D, Lambert M. The CATIE and CUtLASS studies in schizophrenia: results and implications for clinicians. CNS Drugs. 2009 Aug;23(8):649-59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19594194?tool=bestpractice.com 齐拉西酮引起的体重增加幅度似乎较小。[132]Sussman N. Choosing an atypical antipsychotic. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002 Aug;17 suppl 3:S29-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12570069?tool=bestpractice.com[133]Zhang Y, Dai G. Efficacy and metabolic influence of paliperidone ER, aripiprazole and ziprasidone to patients with first-episode schizophrenia through 52 weeks follow-up in China. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2012 Nov;27(6):605-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24446539?tool=bestpractice.com 应避免对心血管疾病风险较高的患者使用已知会导致体重增加的药物。利培酮与同类其他药物相比,其导致锥体外系反应的风险更高,尤其是在日治疗剂量>6 mg/日时,但比第一代抗精神病药物的风险要低。[134]Pajonk FG. Risperidone in acute and long-term therapy of schizophrenia - a clinical profile. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2004 Jan;28(1):15-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14687852?tool=bestpractice.com[135]Weiden PJ. EPS profiles: the atypical antipsychotics are not all the same. J Psychiatr Pract. 2007 Jan;13(1):13-24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17242588?tool=bestpractice.com[136]Komossa K, Rummel-Kluge C, Schwarz S, et al. Risperidone versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jan 19;(1):CD006626.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006626.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21249678?tool=bestpractice.com 依据协变量调整后的 10 年评估,奥氮平和喹硫平增加冠心病风险。[137]Daumit GL, Goff DC, Meyer JM, et al. Antipsychotic effects on estimated 10-year coronary heart disease risk in the CATIE schizophrenia study. Schizophr Res. 2008 Oct;105(1-3):175-87.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2614656/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18775645?tool=bestpractice.com
氯氮平能减少中性粒细胞的数量,有时可导致严重的中性粒细胞减少症。需要对使用氯氮平的患者监测中性粒细胞绝对计数。监测频率为:第一个 6 个月内每周一次,第二个 6 个月内每 2 周一次,并在此后每月一次,无限期监测。
阿立哌唑是该类药物中唯一的多巴胺受体部分激动剂。[138]Naber D, Lambert M. Aripiprazole: a new atypical antipsychotic with a different pharmacological mechanism. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2004 Dec;28(8):1213-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15588748?tool=bestpractice.com 该药物半衰期大约为 5 天,如果药物剂量调整过快,会导致患者躁动不安和“激动”而无法耐受。[139]Doey T. Aripiprazole in pediatric psychosis and bipolar disorder: a clinical review. J Affect Disord. 2012;138 suppl:S15-21.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22406333?tool=bestpractice.com
尽管实践中可能会使用大于最大许可剂量的药物,但目前支持使用如此大剂量的证据并不充足。[84]Kreyenbuhl J, Buchanan RW, Dickerson FB, et al. The Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT): updated treatment recommendations 2009. Schizophr Bull. 2010 Jan;36(1):94-103.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2800150/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19955388?tool=bestpractice.com[140]Fusar-Poli P, Kempton MJ, Rosenheck RA. Efficacy and safety of second-generation long-acting injections in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013 Mar;28(2):57-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23165366?tool=bestpractice.com
第一代抗精神病药物
First-generation antipsychotic medications include perphenazine, [
]In people with schizophrenia, what are the effects of perphenazine?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.782/full显示答案
haloperidol, [
]How does haloperidol compare with first generation antipsychotics for improving outcomes in adults with schizophrenia?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.737/full显示答案
and fluphenazine [
]How does fluphenazine deconoate compare with other neuroleptics in people with schizophrenia?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.1200/full显示答案
;还有许多类似的药物。
氟奋乃静和氟哌啶醇已有长效注射剂型。
如果在应用大剂量一代抗精神病药时,患者临床症状缓解不明显甚至无缓解,并出现了锥体外系反应,应调整药物水平,因为该患者可能代谢率较高。[141]Lieberman JA, Stroup TS, McEvoy JP, et al; Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) Investigators. Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia. N Engl J Med. 2005 Sep 22;353(12):1209-23.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa051688http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16172203?tool=bestpractice.com
然而,由于出现迟发性运动障碍的可能性较高且对阴性症状无效,甚至会加剧阴性症状,因此一般不建议将第一代抗精神病药物用于精神分裂症的初始治疗。尽管有这些建议,但在某些情况下这些药物可能很快就会纳入考虑之中。
如果患者对高剂量的第一代抗精神病药物的临床反应有限或没有反应,但可见锥体外系征,则应测定药物水平,因为患者的代谢可能较快。
对于妊娠期患者,在妊娠期代谢并发症的风险、胎龄和出生体重增加方面,第一代抗精神病药物比第二代抗精神病药物危害要小。[142]Gentile S. Antipsychotic therapy during early and late pregnancy: a systematic review. Schizophr Bull. 2010 May;36(3):518-44.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2879689/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18787227?tool=bestpractice.com
其他疗法
尽管针对精神分裂症阴性症状尚无获得批准的治疗方法,但是由于一些干预方法可以减少阴性症状,因此已被用于强化抗精神病药物的治疗反应。[143]Rummel C, Kissling W, Leucht S. Antidepressants for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jul 19;(3):CD005581.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005581.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16856105?tool=bestpractice.com
特定的抗抑郁剂,例如曲唑酮、氟西汀、米氮平,联合抗精神病药物治疗精神分裂症阴性症状时比单用抗精神病药物更为有效。[144]Singh SP, Singh V, Kar N, et al. Efficacy of antidepressants in treating the negative symptoms of chronic schizophrenia: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2010 Sep;197(3):174-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20807960?tool=bestpractice.com[145]Phan SV, Kreys TJ. Adjunct mirtazapine for negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Pharmacotherapy. 2011 Oct;31(10):1017-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21950644?tool=bestpractice.com[146]Helfer B, Samara MT, Huhn M, et al. Efficacy and safety of antidepressants added to antipsychotics for schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2016 Sep 1;173(9):876-86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27282362?tool=bestpractice.com
乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂[147]Singh J, Kour K, Jayaram MB. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Jan 18;(1):CD007967.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007967.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22258978?tool=bestpractice.com 和美金刚[148]Rezaei F, Mohammad-Karimi M, Seddighi S, et al. Memantine add-on to risperidone for treatment of negative symptoms in patients with stable schizophrenia: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013 Jun;33(3):336-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23609382?tool=bestpractice.com 与非典型抗精神病药物联合使用可改善阴性症状。
昂司丹琼可被用于阴性症状的辅助治疗。[149]Bennett AC, Vila TM. The role of ondansetron in the treatment of schizophrenia. Ann Pharmacother. 2010 Jul-Aug;44(7-8):1301-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20516364?tool=bestpractice.com
抗生素米诺环素与非典型抗精神病药物联合用药可改善功能障碍[150]Levkovitz Y, Menlovich S, Riwkes S, et al. A double-blind, randomized study of minocycline for the treatment of negative and cognitive symptoms in early-phase schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010 Feb;71(2):138-49.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19895780?tool=bestpractice.com 当与利培酮联用时,可改善阴性症状。[151]Liu F, Guo X, Wu R, et al. Minocycline supplementation for treatment of negative symptoms in early-phase schizophrenia: a double blind, randomized, controlled trial. Schizophr Res. 2014 Mar;153(1-3):169-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24503176?tool=bestpractice.com
银杏提取物与抗精神病药物联合治疗可能能够改善慢性精神分裂症的整体和阴性症状。[152]Singh V, Singh SP, Chan K. Review and meta-analysis of usage of ginkgo as an adjunct therapy in chronic schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2010 Mar;13(2):257-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19775502?tool=bestpractice.com
其他种类的药物可能会被用于治疗疾病相关的情感症状。抗抑郁剂可能被用于伴发抑郁症的患者,尽管支持抗抑郁剂对精神分裂症患者疗效的数据比较薄弱。[153]Zullino D, Delacrausaz P, Baumann P. The place of SSRIs in the treatment of schizophrenia [in French]. Encephale. 2002 Sep-Oct;28(5 Pt 1):433-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12386545?tool=bestpractice.com[154]Gregory A, Mallikarjun P, Upthegrove R. Treatment of depression in schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2017 Oct;211(4):198-204.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28882827?tool=bestpractice.com
心境稳定剂被用于控制情感波动及抗精神病药物治疗无效的明显的冲动行为。多达 20% 的精神分裂症患者使用心境稳定剂,不过支持性数据存在争议。[155]Chakos MH, Glick ID, Miller AL, et al. Baseline use of concomitant psychotropic medications to treat schizophrenia in the CATIE trial. Psychiatr Serv. 2006 Aug;57(8):1094-101.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16870959?tool=bestpractice.com 抗焦虑剂也可被考虑用于伴发焦虑症状的患者。
电休克疗法 (Electroconvulsive therapy,ECT)
有证据表明,电休克疗法结合抗精神病药物治疗,能够在改善精神状态和增加出院率方面获得短期获益,但这些获益还不能持续至中长期。但是,该疗法目前已被考虑使用,尤其是在需要快速全面的改善并减少疾病症状时。也有病例是用于对单独药物治疗疗效有限的患者。[156]Tharyan P, Adams CE. Electroconvulsive therapy for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Apr 18;(2):CD000076.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000076.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15846598?tool=bestpractice.com[157]Read J, Bentall R. The effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy: a literature review. Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc. 2010 Oct-Dec;19(4):333-47.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21322506?tool=bestpractice.com 对耐药性精神分裂症患者可考虑采用氯氮平与电休克治疗 (ECT) 相结合的增强治疗。[158]Petrides G, Malur C, Braga RJ, et al. Electroconvulsive therapy augmentation in clozapine-resistant schizophrenia: a prospective, randomized study. Am J Psychiatry. 2015 Jan;172(1):52-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25157964?tool=bestpractice.com
社会心理干预
社会心理干预是长期管理的关键组成部分。在一项研究中,精神病首次发作后增加一年心理社会学干预的患者比那些接受治疗等级下降的精神病治疗的患者的结果更好。[159]Chang WC, Chan GH, Jim OT, et al. Optimal duration of an early intervention programme for first-episode psychosis: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2015 Jun;206(6):492-500.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25657355?tool=bestpractice.com
为了让患者配合治疗并让治疗取得成功,需要克服住房匮乏、收入低、工作技能不足、社会支持不足以及医疗卫生条件有限等问题。对于精神分裂症,患者结局研究组 (Patient Outcomes Research Team, PORT) 指南建议采用以下心理社会干预:主动式社区治疗、支持性就业、技能训练、CBT、代币制干预以及以家庭为基础的服务。[84]Kreyenbuhl J, Buchanan RW, Dickerson FB, et al. The Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT): updated treatment recommendations 2009. Schizophr Bull. 2010 Jan;36(1):94-103.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2800150/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19955388?tool=bestpractice.com 重症病例管理减少了住院,有利于坚持治疗,并可提高社会功能。[160]Dieterich M, Irving CB, Bergman H, et al. Intensive case management for severe mental illness. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jan 6;(1):CD007906.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007906.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28067944?tool=bestpractice.com住院率、治疗依从性及社会功能:有高质量证据表明,对于患有严重精神疾病的患者,强调少数病例(少于 20)及高强度投入的强化个案管理 (intensive case management, ICM)项目减少了入院率、提高患者依从性、改善患者社会功能。[160]Dieterich M, Irving CB, Bergman H, et al. Intensive case management for severe mental illness. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jan 6;(1):CD007906.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007906.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28067944?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
任何形式的简要心理教育都可以减少中期的复发率,并能提高短期内的用药依从性。[161]Zhao S, Sampson S, Xia J, et al. Psychoeducation (brief) for people with serious mental illness. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Apr 9;(4):CD010823.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010823.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25854522?tool=bestpractice.com [
]In people with schizophrenia, is there randomized controlled trial evidence to support the use of psychoeducation?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.517/full显示答案
预防患者自杀是关键,需要监测患者抑郁症状及自杀危险因素。[69]Hawton K, Sutton L, Haw C, et al. Schizophrenia and suicide: systematic review of risk factors. Br J Psychiatry. 2005 Jul;187:9-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15994566?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Palmer BA, Pankratz VS, Bostwick JM. The lifetime risk of suicide in schizophrenia: a reexamination. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Mar;62(3):247-53.http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=208392http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15753237?tool=bestpractice.com
有限的证据表明,社交技能训练可能改善患者的社交互动和沟通技能。[162]Almerie MQ, Okba Al Marhi M, Jawoosh M, et al. Social skills programmes for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jun 9;(6):CD009006.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009006.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26059249?tool=bestpractice.com
支持性就业可减少住院治疗,提高生产力,以及帮助和维持就业率。[163]Hoffmann H, Jäckel D, Glauser S, et al. Long-term effectiveness of supported employment: 5-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2014 Nov 1;171(11):1183-90.http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13070857http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25124692?tool=bestpractice.com[164]Suijkerbuijk YB, Schaafsma FG, van Mechelen JC, et al. Interventions for obtaining and maintaining employment in adults with severe mental illness, a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Sep 12;(9):CD011867.http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011867.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28898402?tool=bestpractice.com尽管很少达到长期稳定的就业,但是职业康复可以帮助患者在工作场所发挥作用。[165]Drake RE, Frey W, Bond GR, et al. Assisting Social Security Disability Insurance beneficiaries with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depression in returning to work. Am J Psychiatry. 2013 Dec;170(12):1433-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23929355?tool=bestpractice.com
认知障碍治疗似乎并不优于非特异性控制干预。[166]Lynch D, Laws KR, McKenna PJ. Cognitive behavioural therapy for major psychiatric disorder: does it really work? A meta-analytical review of well-controlled trials. Psychol Med. 2010 Jan;40(1):9-24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19476688?tool=bestpractice.com[167]Jones C, Hacker D, Cormac I, et al. Cognitive behaviour therapy versus other psychosocial treatments for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Apr 18;(4):CD008712.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008712.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22513966?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How does cognitive behavioral therapy compare with other psychosocial treatments for schizophrenia?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.594/full显示答案
单独使用认知矫正治疗[168]McGurk SR, Mueser KT, Xie H, et al. Cognitive enhancement treatment for people with mental illness who do not respond to supported employment: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2015 Sep 1;172(9):852-61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25998278?tool=bestpractice.com 认知矫正治疗联合认知行为治疗 (CBT) 和/或小组治疗可以改善认知障碍和社会适应不良,从而增加能够从支持性就业和竞争性工作中受益的人数。[168]McGurk SR, Mueser KT, Xie H, et al. Cognitive enhancement treatment for people with mental illness who do not respond to supported employment: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2015 Sep 1;172(9):852-61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25998278?tool=bestpractice.com[169]Kluwe-Schiavon B, Sanvicente-Vieira B, Kristensen CH, et al. Executive functions rehabilitation for schizophrenia: a critical systematic review. J Psychiatr Res. 2013 Jan;47(1):91-104.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23122645?tool=bestpractice.com CBT 在减少阳性症状方面更为有效,社会技能训练在改善阴性症状方面更为有效。[170]Turner DT, van der Gaag M, Karyotaki E, et al. Psychological interventions for psychosis: a meta-analysis of comparative outcome studies. Am J Psychiatry. 2014 May;171(5):523-38.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24525715?tool=bestpractice.com[171]Jauhar S, McKenna PJ, Radua J, et al. Cognitive-behavioural therapy for the symptoms of schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis with examination of potential bias. Br J Psychiatry. 2014 Jan;204(1):20-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24385461?tool=bestpractice.com
紧张的家庭环境可对患者的幸福感和康复有消极影响。家庭治疗[172]Pharoah F, Mari J, Rathbone J, et al. Family intervention for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Dec 8;(12):CD000088.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000088.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21154340?tool=bestpractice.com 或心理教育[173]Xia J, Merinder LB, Belgamwar MR. Psychoeducation for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jun 15;(6):CD002831.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002831.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21678337?tool=bestpractice.com 有助于帮助家庭处理疾病相关的压力和社会耻辱及家庭内的充满情绪的交流(包括批评,愤怒和相互之间情绪激动)等问题。家庭干预可能减少家庭内情绪发泄的水平,改善一般社交障碍,降低复发风险并改善药物依从性。[172]Pharoah F, Mari J, Rathbone J, et al. Family intervention for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Dec 8;(12):CD000088.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000088.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21154340?tool=bestpractice.com复发事件及住院治疗:有低质量证据表明,家庭干预措施(用于减少家庭成员间情绪爆发水平的社会心理干预措施的一种形式),可能能够减少精神分裂症患者的复发频率及住院率。[172]Pharoah F, Mari J, Rathbone J, et al. Family intervention for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Dec 8;(12):CD000088.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000088.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21154340?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
对患者进行关于疾病和药物的教育对于培养患者的自知力和依从性非常重要。[174]Katschnig H. Rehabilitation in schizophrenia - guidelines for including psychosocial measures [in German]. Wien Med Wochenschr. 1998;148(11-12):273-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9746970?tool=bestpractice.com 如美国精神疾病全国联盟 (NAMI) 这样的同伴领导倡导团体提供的有关实际的和情感的支持给予了患者和家属非常大的帮助。包括提供关于病情、看护者、社区资源(包括分组、志愿机会、工作培训和就业)、经济和法律事务及其他的信息。National Alliance on Mental Illness
这些社会心理干预措施可能有利于帮助提高患者的社会功能、语言交流技能、生活质量及就业前景;但是,如并发药物滥用等问题可能会影响治疗效果。[175]Matsui M, Arai H, Yonezawa M, et al. The effects of cognitive rehabilitation on social knowledge in patients with schizophrenia. Appl Neuropsychol. 2009 Jul;16(3):158-64.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20183166?tool=bestpractice.com[176]Guo X, Zhai J, Liu Z, et al. Effect of antipsychotic medication alone vs combined with psychosocial intervention on outcomes of early-stage schizophrenia: a randomized, 1-year study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010 Sep;67(9):895-904.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3632506/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20819983?tool=bestpractice.com[177]Barrowclough C, Haddock G, Wykes T, et al. Integrated motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioural therapy for people with psychosis and comorbid substance misuse: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2010 Nov 24;341:c6325.http://www.bmj.com/content/341/bmj.c6325http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21106618?tool=bestpractice.com[178]Malmberg L, Fenton M. Individual psychodynamic psychotherapy and psychoanalysis for schizophrenia and severe mental illness. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD001360.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001360/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11686988?tool=bestpractice.com [
]In people with chronic mental illnesses, how do life skills programs affect outcomes?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.564/full显示答案
团体治疗方法同样能够使患者获益。[179]Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. Group therapy in the treatment of schizophrenia: a review of the clinical effectiveness. November 2009 [internet publication].http://www.cadth.ca/media/pdf/L0136_Group_Therapy_for_Schizophrenia_final.pdf
其他疗法
物理疗法为精神分裂症患者多元化医疗提供了附加价值。[180]Vancampfort D, Probst M, Helvik Skjaerven L, et al. Systematic review of the benefits of physical therapy within a multidisciplinary care approach for people with schizophrenia. Phys Ther. 2012 Jan;92(1):11-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22052946?tool=bestpractice.com[181]Vancampfort D, Knapen J, Probst M, et al. A systematic review of correlates of physical activity in patients with schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2012 May;125(5):352-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22176559?tool=bestpractice.com 瑜伽[182]Cabral P, Meyer HB, Ames D. Effectiveness of yoga therapy as a complementary treatment for major psychiatric disorders: a meta-analysis. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2011;13(4).https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3219516/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22132353?tool=bestpractice.com[183]Vancampfort D, Vansteelandt K, Scheewe T, et al. Yoga in schizophrenia: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2012 Jul;126(1):12-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22486714?tool=bestpractice.com[184]Broderick J, Knowles A, Chadwick J, et al. Yoga versus standard care for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Oct 21;(10):CD010554.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010554.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26488850?tool=bestpractice.com[185]Broderick J, Vancampfort D. Yoga as part of a package of care versus standard care for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Sep 29;(9):CD012145.http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012145.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28960019?tool=bestpractice.com和音乐疗法[186]Geretsegger M, Mössler KA, Bieleninik Ł, et al. Music therapy for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 May 29;(5):CD004025.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004025.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28553702?tool=bestpractice.com might be an effective adjunct option. [
]What are the effects of music therapy in people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like disorders?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.1741/full显示答案
自我肯定训练似乎有助于提高慢性精神分裂症住院患者的自信心,并降低其社会焦虑,改善人际交往。[187]Lee TY, Chang SC, Chu H, et al. The effects of assertiveness training in patients with schizophrenia: a randomized, single-blind, controlled study. J Adv Nurs. 2013 Nov;69(11):2549-59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23551798?tool=bestpractice.com
健康维护
包括精神分裂症在内的大多数精神疾病与躯体疾病发生率增加及寿命缩短 15-20 年相关。2017 年的一项 meta 分析和系统评价显示,全球平均而言,精神分裂症患者的死亡时间比一般人群早 14.5 年。男性的潜在寿命损失高于女性的,分别为 15.9 年、13.6 年。[81]Hjorthøj C, Stürup AE, McGrath JJ, et al. Years of potential life lost and life expectancy in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;4(4):295-301.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28237639?tool=bestpractice.com 管理精神分裂症药物的不良反应是至关重要的,因为这些不良反应中很多都会进一步增加躯体疾病的风险。健康保健旨在改善下列不良反应:
神经病学不良反应:应当监测患者,了解是否出现锥体外系症状(静坐不能、帕金森氏综合症和肌张力障碍)和迟发性运动障碍。这在服用第一代抗精神病药物的患者中尤为常见。虽然异常不自主运动量表不具有特异性,但它对此十分有用,应常规使用。[188]Munetz MR, Benjamin S. How to examine patients using the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale. Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1988 Nov;39(11):1172-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2906320?tool=bestpractice.com
代谢异常:在使用第二代抗精神病药物期间,需要对代谢不良反应进行监测。新出现的研究显示,葡萄糖稳态在精神分裂症发作时已经发生改变,提示即使在抗精神病药治疗前,患者发生 2 型糖尿病的风险也增加。考虑到抗精神病药可能进一步损害血糖调节,这一点具有临床重要性。[189]Pillinger T, Beck K, Gobjila C, et al. Impaired glucose homeostasis in first-episode schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017 Mar 1;74(3):261-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28097367?tool=bestpractice.com
每次随访都应当监测体重。BMI 数值增加一个点(除非 BMI<18.5),应促使考虑使用一种其他替代药物。需要监测腰围。在开始使用一种新的抗精神病药物前,需要测定所有患者的基线空腹血糖。有显著危险因素的患者应该每 4 个月监测一次空腹血糖,然后每年一次。如果出现体重升高,需要每 4 个月测定一次空腹血糖。如果患者正在进行抗精神病药物治疗,则应当检查其血脂,且需复查,如果低密度脂蛋白 (LDL) 正常则每两年复查一次,如果 LDL>3.37 mmol/L (>130 mg/dL),则每 6 个月一次。对于任何异常情况,如有需要可采用降脂和抗糖尿病药物进行适当的处理。[190]American Diabetes Association, American Psychiatric Association, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, et al. Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004 Feb;65(2):267-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15003083?tool=bestpractice.com 行为干预减肥对患有严重精神病的超重和肥胖的成年患者是有效的。[191]Daumit GL, Dickerson FB, Wang NY, et al. A behavioral weight-loss intervention in persons with serious mental illness. N Engl J Med. 2013 Apr 25;368(17):1594-602.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3743095/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23517118?tool=bestpractice.com 健康提升训练旨在纠正肥胖和提高精神分裂症患者的心血管机能,是一种有效的长期管理策略。[192]Bartels SJ, Pratt SI, Aschbrenner KA, et al. Pragmatic replication trial of health promotion coaching for obesity in serious mental illness and maintenance of outcomes. Am J Psychiatry. 2015 Apr;172(4):344-52.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4537796/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25827032?tool=bestpractice.com
催乳素过量:多巴胺阻断性较高的抗精神病药,例如氟哌啶醇,氟奋乃静和利培酮能增加催乳素分泌,导致溢乳、闭经和男性乳腺发育。[193]Halbreich U, Kahn LS. Hyperprolactinemia and schizophrenia: mechanisms and clinical aspects. J Psychiatr Pract. 2003 Sep;9(5):344-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15985953?tool=bestpractice.com 临床医生要对上述效应保持警惕,如果出现,应降低剂量或更换药物。
心脏异常:已有报道指出,使用抗精神病药物的患者会出现 QT 间期延长、T 波扁平及尖端扭转型室速。可能需要进行基线 ECG 检查,尤其当存在心血管危险因素(例如存在心血管疾病 [传导异常和/或心脏异常或者查体时发现的危险因素] 个人史)时或者患者为住院人员时。[194]Royal Pharmaceutical Society; British Medical Association. British national formulary. 2017 [internet publication].https://www.medicinescomplete.com/about/publications.htm
氯氮平能减少中性粒细胞的数量,有时可导致严重的中性粒细胞减少症。需要对使用氯氮平的患者监测中性粒细胞绝对计数。监测频率为:第一个 6 个月内每周一次,第二个 6 个月内每 2 周一次,并在此后每月一次,无限期监测。
体位性低血压:任何患者都可能出现这种症状,但通常这种症状只短暂出现在治疗开始后的最初几个小时或最初几天。老年患者更为敏感。预防措施包括教育患者采用慢动作起身。
血浆药物水平:血浆药物水平监测对于锂盐和氯氮平是必要的,对于卡马西平、丙戊酸盐和奥氮平是有益的。换药后需要持续地周期性监测血浆药物水平。
抗胆碱能药的副作用:症状可分为外周症状(比如:口干、便秘、视力模糊和尿潴留)和中枢症状(比如:谵妄)。患者通常会对口干之类的副作用产生耐受性。可通过用水漱口或咀嚼无糖口香糖来缓解。对于视力模糊,需暂时减少药物剂量。若出现急性尿潴留或谵妄,则需要停止用药。
对于患严重精神病(包括精神分裂症)的患者,血源性病毒的风险似乎有所增加。一项瑞典人群研究发现,在考虑社会人口因素后,严重精神病患者的 HIV 感染率比一般人群高 2.57 倍;乙型肝炎病毒 (HBV) 的感染率高 2.29 倍;而丙型肝炎病毒 (HCV) 的感染率高 6.18 倍。发现药物滥用是此风险增加的最重要因素,这表明需要确认并有针对性地处理分裂情感性精神障碍患者共病药物滥用的情况,以及确定其他预防血源性病毒感染的干预措施。[195]Bauer-Staeb C, Jörgensen L, Lewis G, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C in people with severe mental illness: a total population study of Sweden. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017 Sep;4(9):685-93.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5573766/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28687481?tool=bestpractice.com
急性精神病发作的管理
急性精神病发作可涉及以下三种情况中的任何一种:
初次精神病发作
由不依从或刺激导致的精神病失代偿
抗精神病治疗耐受,即对足量药物治疗效果欠佳。
The patient often requires hospitalisation. Indicators of the need for hospitalisation include violence, decreased control of behaviour, poor judgement, and suicidality. Having the patient in a safe and predictable environment is important. In cases of extreme agitation and violence, a short-acting intramuscular antipsychotic medication can be given, often in combination with an injectable benzodiazepine such as lorazepam. [
]In people with psychosis-induced aggression or agitation, how does droperidol compare with placebo and other treatments in improving outcomes?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.1559/full显示答案
如果患者是第一次出现急性发作,需要使患者服用抗精神病药物治疗。由于这些患者通常是首次使用抗精神病药物,更易出现椎体外系症状 (extrapyramidal symptom, EPS),需要从小剂量开始用药。标准剂量组的低一级剂量在大多数情况下是适当的。[196]Bola JR, Kao DT, Soydan H. Antipsychotic medication for early-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2012 Jan;38(1):23-5.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3245589/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22115777?tool=bestpractice.com 如果急性发作是由精神病失代偿或抗精神病药物抵抗引起的,通常需要加大药物剂量或者换用新的抗精神病药物治疗。如果患者在过去对某一特定的药物反应良好且本次急性发作是由于患者不依从性造成的,他/她可以逐步增加调整剂量至先前有效的剂量。
有证据表明,电休克疗法结合抗精神病药物治疗,能够在改善精神状态和增加出院率方面获得短期获益,但这些获益还不能持续至中长期。但是,该疗法目前已被考虑使用,尤其是在需要快速全面的改善并减少疾病症状时。也有病例是用于对单独药物治疗疗效有限的患者。[156]Tharyan P, Adams CE. Electroconvulsive therapy for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Apr 18;(2):CD000076.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000076.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15846598?tool=bestpractice.com[157]Read J, Bentall R. The effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy: a literature review. Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc. 2010 Oct-Dec;19(4):333-47.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21322506?tool=bestpractice.com