血管痉挛是 Willis 环大容量血管的迟发性局部或弥漫性狭窄。它占 SAH 相关死亡原因的 23%。[41]Solenski NJ, Haley EC Jr, Kassell NF, et al. Medical complications of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a report of the multicenter, cooperative aneurysm study. Participants of the Multicenter Cooperative Aneurysm Study. Crit Care Med. 1995 Jun;23(6):1007-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7774210?tool=bestpractice.com 血管痉挛的病理生理机制尚不清楚,实际情况因使用的术语和定义不统一而更加复杂;[158]Etminan N, Vergouwen MD, Ilodigwe D, et al. Effect of pharmaceutical treatment on vasospasm, delayed cerebral ischemia, and clinical outcome in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2011 Jun;31(6):1443-51.http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1038/jcbfm.2011.7http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21285966?tool=bestpractice.com 但是,目前认为它是由迟发性且可逆性血管病、自身调节功能损伤、低血容量症引起,最终导致全脑或局部脑灌注下降,降到特定阈值以下时会导致脑缺血。除此之外,低血红蛋白可能使灌注不稳定脑区的供氧受损,进一步加重此问题。[159]Sampson TR, Dhar R, Diringer MN. Factors associated with the development of anemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2010 Feb;12(1):4-9.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2824166/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19777386?tool=bestpractice.com[160]Naidech AM, Jovanovic B, Wartenberg KE, et al. Higher hemoglobin is associated with improved outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Crit Care Med. 2007 Oct;35(10):2383-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17717494?tool=bestpractice.com[161]Naidech AM, Drescher J, Ault ML, et al. Higher hemoglobin is associated with less cerebral infarction, poor outcome, and death after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 2006 Oct;59(4):775-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17038943?tool=bestpractice.com[162]Kramer AH, Zygun DA, Bleck TP, et al. Relationship between hemoglobin concentrations and outcomes across subgroups of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2009;10(2):157-65.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19116699?tool=bestpractice.com[163]Dhar R, Zazulia AR, Videen TO, et al. Red blood cell transfusion increases cerebral oxygen delivery in anemic patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2009 Sep;40(9):3039-44.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.556159http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19628806?tool=bestpractice.com 在蛛网膜下腔出现氧合血红蛋白似乎是必然的,其发病机制涉及炎症反应。[122]Keyrouz SG, Diringer MN. Clinical review: prevention and therapy of vasospasm in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Crit Care. 2007;11(4):220.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17705883?tool=bestpractice.com[164]Mayberg MR. Cerebral vasospasm. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 1998 Jul;9(3):615-27.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9668192?tool=bestpractice.com[165]Pradilla G, Chaichana KL, Hoang S, et al. Inflammation and cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2010 Apr;21(2):365-79.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20380976?tool=bestpractice.com 血管痉挛在 SAH 后第 4-14 天之间出现,50%-70% 病例的血管造影出现血管痉挛。半数患者出现继发于局灶或全脑血流 (CBF) 减少的迟发型脑缺血 (DCI)。[166]Miller JA, Dacey RG Jr, Diringer MN. Safety of hypertensive hypervolemic therapy with phenylephrine in the treatment of delayed ischemic deficits after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 1995 Dec;26(12):2260-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7491647?tool=bestpractice.com 如果不治疗,50% 的 DCI 患者进展为永久性脑梗死。缺血性功能障碍也可见于在间断的血管造影检查中未发现血管痉挛的患者。目前认为此种情况部分由于远端脑血管的自调节功能改变、这些血管中发生微血栓和/或皮质播散性去极化。[167]Budohoski KP, Guilfoyle M, Helmy A, et al. The pathophysiology and treatment of delayed cerebral ischaemia following subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014 Dec;85(12):1343-53.https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/85/12/1343.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24847164?tool=bestpractice.com DCI 的危险因素包括入院时临床状态不佳、蛛网膜下腔出血量和持续时间、脑池和脑裂的血液聚集厚度、脑室内出血以及意识障碍的持续时间。[150]Adams HP Jr, Kassell NF, Torner JC, et al. Predicting cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: influences of clinical condition, CT results, and antifibrinolytic therapy. A report of the Cooperative Aneurysm Study. Neurology. 1987 Oct;37(10):1586-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3658161?tool=bestpractice.com[154]Hijdra A, van Gijn J, Nagelkerke NJ, et al. Prediction of delayed cerebral ischemia, rebleeding, and outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 1988 Oct;19(10):1250-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3176085?tool=bestpractice.com[168]Claassen J, Bernardini GL, Kreiter K, et al. Effect of cisternal and ventricular blood on risk of delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage: the Fisher Scale revisited. Stroke. 2001 Sep;32(9):2012-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11546890?tool=bestpractice.com[169]Hop JW, Rinkel GJ, Algra A, et al. Initial loss of consciousness and risk of delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 1999 Nov;30(11):2268-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10548655?tool=bestpractice.com[170]de Rooij NK, Greving JP, Rinkel GJ, et al. Early prediction of delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage: development and validation of a practical risk chart. Stroke. 2013 May;44(5):1288-94.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23512975?tool=bestpractice.com 尽管蛛网膜下腔内出血是造成血管痉挛的必需条件,但是手术夹闭(大部分蛛网膜下腔的血液被冲出)的血管痉挛风险并不低于血管内弹簧圈治疗的。[171]de Oliveira JG, Beck J, Ulrich C, et al. Comparison between clipping and coiling on the incidence of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosurg Rev. 2007 Jan;30(1):22-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17061137?tool=bestpractice.com[172]van den Bergh WM, Kerr RS, Algra A, et al; International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) Collaborative Group. Effect of antiplatelet therapy for endovascular coiling in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2009 Jun;40(6):1969-72.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.528802http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19390079?tool=bestpractice.com [Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 在动脉内注射尼卡地平和行腔内球囊扩张血管成形术之前(A)和之后(B)左颈内动脉远端、大脑中动脉和大脑前动脉近端的严重血管痉挛由 Dr Salah Keyrouz 提供;经授权后使用 [Citation ends]. [Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 一名蛛网膜下腔出血相关性血管痉挛患者出现的左侧额叶梗死(箭头)由 Dr Salah Keyrouz 提供;经授权后使用 [Citation ends]. DCI 的诊断为一项临床诊断,需排除再出血、脑积水、癫痫发作、电解质紊乱以及其他代谢异常后才能做出诊断。临床上,患者出现意识状态改变或急性至亚急性波动性局灶性神经功能缺损。[8]Kassell NF, Torner JC, Haley EC Jr, et al. The International Cooperative Study on the Timing of Aneurysm Surgery. Part 1: overall management results. J Neurosurg. 1990 Jul;73(1):18-36.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2191090?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Kassell NF, Torner JC, Jane JA, et al. The International Cooperative Study on the Timing of Aneurysm Surgery. Part 2: surgical results. J Neurosurg. 1990 Jul;73(1):37-47.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2191091?tool=bestpractice.com[164]Mayberg MR. Cerebral vasospasm. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 1998 Jul;9(3):615-27.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9668192?tool=bestpractice.com 血管造影或经颅多普勒超声 (TCD) 可证实血管痉挛的诊断,但 TCD 不如血管造影可靠。[173]Manno EM, Gress DR, Schwamm LH, et al. Effects of induced hypertension on transcranial Doppler ultrasound velocities in patients after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 1998 Feb;29(2):422-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9472884?tool=bestpractice.com[174]Rigamonti A, Ackery A, Baker AJ. Transcranial Doppler monitoring in subarachnoid hemorrhage: a critical tool in critical care. Can J Anaesth. 2008 Feb;55(2):112-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18245071?tool=bestpractice.com 利用灌注 CT (perfusion CT, PCT)、氙气 CT (Xenon-CT, XeCT) 以及单光子发射计算机断层摄影 (single photon emission computed tomography, SPECT) 识别血管痉挛变得更加常见。这些技术是无创的,更重要的是,它们测量灌注,而非仅仅测量血管直径或流速。[175]Lad SP, Guzman R, Kelly ME, et al. Cerebral perfusion imaging in vasospasm. Neurosurg Focus. 2006 Sep 15;21(3):E7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17029346?tool=bestpractice.com CT 血管造影 (CTA) 和 PCT 诊断血管痉挛的准确度很高,[176]Greenberg ED, Gold R, Reichman M, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of CT angiography and CT perfusion for cerebral vasospasm: a meta-analysis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010 Nov;31(10):1853-60.http://www.ajnr.org/content/31/10/1853.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20884748?tool=bestpractice.com 但是这些 CT 技术不能像血管造影那样同时允许进行治疗干预(例如,腔内球囊扩张血管成形术以及动脉内给予血管扩张剂)。 关于预防性高血容量的获益尚存疑问,[177]Wolf S; Participants in the International Multi-Disciplinary Consensus Conference on the Critical Care Management of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Routine management of volume status after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2011 Sep;15(2):275-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21748500?tool=bestpractice.com 不过一项研究显示早期目标导向性的液体疗法能够降低 DCI 和脑梗死的发病率,并改善功能结局,尤其在分级较差的患者中。[178]Mutoh T, Kazumata K, Terasaka S, et al. Early intensive versus minimally invasive approach to postoperative hemodynamic management after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2014 May;45(5):1280-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24692480?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,存在症状的患者应使用血管加压药维持高血容量(中心静脉压≥8 cmH₂O)和高血压。使用等张溶液。高血压患者的平均动脉压 (MAP) 应被调节至高于其 MAP 平均值的 15%,直到临床状态改善或出现不良反应。临床医生应注意在血压升高的情况下存在发生可逆性后部脑病综合征 (PRES) 的可能性。该诊断通常首先由临床情况恶化所提示并由 MRI 确诊。[179]Muhammad S, Güresir Á, Greschus S, et al. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome as an overlooked complication of induced hypertension for cerebral vasospasm: systematic review and illustrative case. Stroke. 2016 Feb;47(2):519-22.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.011697http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26628389?tool=bestpractice.com 3H(高血压 [hypertension]、高血容量 [hypervolaemia]、血液稀释 [haemodilution])又被称为高动力学或高容量高血压治疗 (hypervolaemic hypertensive therapy, HHT),是一种安全的疗法,即使是在既往有心脏病的患者中,也是安全的。[166]Miller JA, Dacey RG Jr, Diringer MN. Safety of hypertensive hypervolemic therapy with phenylephrine in the treatment of delayed ischemic deficits after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 1995 Dec;26(12):2260-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7491647?tool=bestpractice.com 临床改善可能很明显,但尚缺乏关于 HHT 的大规模前瞻性结局研究。[180]Rinkel GJ, Feigin VL, Algra A, et al. Circulatory volume expansion therapy for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004 Oct 18;(4):CD000483.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000483.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15494997?tool=bestpractice.com 针对非对照研究的一项系统评价显示,在提高脑血流量 (CBF) 方面,高血压似乎比血液稀释或高血容量更为有效。[181]Dankbaar JW, Slooter AJ, Rinkel GJ, et al. Effect of different components of triple-H therapy on cerebral perfusion in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: a systematic review. Crit Care. 2010;14(1):R23.https://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/cc8886http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20175912?tool=bestpractice.com 由于影响 SAH 患者结局的因素较多,所以很难实施随机对照研究。 血管内技术(例如腔内球囊扩张血管成形术和动脉内血管扩张剂)能够逆转动脉狭窄,但是临床改善并不持久。[182]Mindea SA, Yang BP, Bendok BR, et al. Endovascular treatment strategies for cerebral vasospasm. Neurosurg Focus. 2006 Sep 15;21(3):E13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17029337?tool=bestpractice.com[183]Polin RS, Coenen VA, Hansen CA, et al. Efficacy of transluminal angioplasty for the management of symptomatic cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2000 Feb;92(2):284-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10659016?tool=bestpractice.com 为提供持久性临床改善,部分证据支持进行早期血管成形术(症状出现 2 小时内)[184]Rosenwasser RH, Armonda RA, Thomas JE, et al. Therapeutic modalities for the management of cerebral vasospasm: timing of endovascular options. Neurosurgery. 1999 May;44(5):975-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10232530?tool=bestpractice.com 就诊时年龄大和神经系统功能差是血管成形术后临床结局不佳的预测因素。[185]Rabinstein AA, Friedman JA, Nichols DA, et al. Predictors of outcome after endovascular treatment of cerebral vasospasm. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004 Nov-Dec;25(10):1778-82.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15569745?tool=bestpractice.com 尼莫地平是一种钙通道阻滞剂,可被用于预防血管痉挛。它能够降低动脉瘤性 SAH 后出现不良结局和继发性缺血的风险。[96]Barker FG 2nd, Ogilvy CS. Efficacy of prophylactic nimodipine for delayed ischemic deficit after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a metaanalysis. J Neurosurg. 1996 Mar;84(3):405-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8609551?tool=bestpractice.com[97]Dorhout Mees SM, Rinkel GJ, Feigin VL, et al. Calcium antagonists for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jul 18;(3):CD000277.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17636626?tool=bestpractice.com [ ]What are the effects of blood pressure (BP)‐lowering treatment for adults with a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA)?https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2269/full显示答案尽管对 SAH 患者广泛使用类固醇,但相关研究未发现其对 DCI 或总体结局有积极影响。[186]Feigin VL, Anderson N, Rinkel GJ, et al. Corticosteroids for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage and primary intracerebral haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Jul 20;(3):CD004583.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16034939?tool=bestpractice.com 有几项对照试验研究了替拉扎特(一种非糖皮质激素类的 21 氨基类固醇自由基清除剂)对预防血管痉挛的作用,其耐受性良好,但在不同的试验中,改善总体结局的效果不一致。[187]Haley EC Jr, Kassell NF, Apperson-Hansen C, et al. A randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled trial of tirilazad mesylate in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a cooperative study in North America. J Neurosurg. 1997 Mar;86(3):467-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9046304?tool=bestpractice.com[188]Kassell NF, Haley EC Jr, Apperson-Hansen C, et al. Randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled trial of tirilazad mesylate in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a cooperative study in Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. J Neurosurg. 1996 Feb;84(2):221-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8592224?tool=bestpractice.com[189]Lanzino G, Kassell NF. Double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled study of high-dose tirilazad mesylate in women with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Part II. A cooperative study in North America. J Neurosurg. 1999 Jun;90(6):1018-24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10350246?tool=bestpractice.com[190]Lanzino G, Kassell NF, Dorsch NW, et al. Double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled study of high-dose tirilazad mesylate in women with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Part I. A cooperative study in Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. J Neurosurg. 1999 Jun;90(6):1011-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10350245?tool=bestpractice.com[191]Zhang S, Wang L, Liu M, Wu B. Tirilazad for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Feb 17;(2):CD006778.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006778.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20166088?tool=bestpractice.com [ ]What are the effects of tirilazad for people with an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage?https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2184/full显示答案评估对 SAH 患者应用辛伐他汀和普伐他汀的研究得出了不一致的结果。[103]Lynch JR, Wang H, McGirt MJ, et al. Simvastatin reduces vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: results of a pilot randomized clinical trial. Stroke. 2005 Sep;36(9):2024-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16051891?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Tseng MY, Czosnyka M, Richards H, et al. Effects of acute treatment with pravastatin on cerebral vasospasm, autoregulation, and delayed ischemic deficits after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a phase II randomized placebo-controlled trial. Stroke. 2005 Aug;36(8):1627-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16049199?tool=bestpractice.com[105]Chou SH, Smith EE, Badjatia N, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of simvastatin in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2008 Oct;39(10):2891-3.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.505875http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18658043?tool=bestpractice.com[104]Vergouwen MD, Meijers JC, Geskus RB, et al. Biologic effects of simvastatin in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2009 Aug;29(8):1444-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19458605?tool=bestpractice.com 在对 SAH 患者广泛使用他汀类药物前,尚有待更大型的研究证实。[192]Tseng MY, Czosnyka M, Richards H, et al. Effects of acute treatment with statins on cerebral autoregulation in patients after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurg Focus. 2006 Sep 15;21(3):E10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17029334?tool=bestpractice.com 评估对 SAH 患者应用抗血小板药物(尤其是在血管内弹簧圈治疗之后)的研究,在 DCI 风险和总体结局方面所得结果不一致。研究发现结果的不一致加之出血并发症风险增加,使得这一做法尚未被广泛采用。[193]Dorhout Mees SM, van den Bergh WM, Algra A, et al. Antiplatelet therapy for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Oct 17;(4):CD006184.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17943892?tool=bestpractice.com [ ]What are the effects of antiplatelet therapy for people with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage who undergo surgery?https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2177/full显示答案 [Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 在动脉内注射尼卡地平之前(左)和之后(右)远端左椎动脉和基底动脉痉挛由 Dr Salah Keyrouz 提供;经授权后使用 [Citation ends]. 控释剂型药物在血管痉挛和 DCI 方面的作用引起了广泛关注。在手术夹闭动脉瘤时可在蛛网膜下腔放置尼卡地平缓释植入物 (nicardipine prolonged-release implant, NPRI)。应用植入物的小规模病例系列研究和随机双盲试验显示 DCI 的发生率低于预期。[194]Kasuya H, Onda H, Takeshita M, et al. Efficacy and safety of nicardipine prolonged-release implants for preventing vasospasm in humans. Stroke. 2002 Apr;33(4):1011-5.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.STR.0000014563.75483.22http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11935053?tool=bestpractice.com[195]Kasuya H, Onda H, Sasahara A, et al. Application of nicardipine prolonged-release implants: analysis of 97 consecutive patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 2005 May;56(5):895-902.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15854236?tool=bestpractice.com[196]Barth M, Capelle HH, Weidauer S, et al. Effect of nicardipine prolonged-release implants on cerebral vasospasm and clinical outcome after severe aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a prospective, randomized, double-blind phase IIa study. Stroke. 2007 Feb;38(2):330-6.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.STR.0000254601.74596.0fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17185636?tool=bestpractice.com 其他应用于颅内控释系统的药物包括罂粟碱、法舒地尔以及 NO 供体。[197]Omeis I, Neil JA, Murali R, Abrahams JM. Treatment of cerebral vasospasm with biocompatible controlled-release systems for intracranial drug delivery. Neurosurgery. 2008 Dec;63(6):1011-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19057314?tool=bestpractice.com 在广泛应用此技术前需要开展更大规模的对照试验。在术中和/或保证动脉瘤安全后经鞘内缓慢滴注纤溶药物可能存在潜在获益。它可以清除发生血管痉挛必需的蛛网膜下腔内血液积聚。一项 meta 分析显示此类药物能够改善结局,但该分析纳入的研究存在局限性,包括明显的偏倚风险。[198]Kramer AH, Fletcher JJ. Locally-administered intrathecal thrombolytics following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurocrit Care. 2011 Jun;14(3):489-99.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20740327?tool=bestpractice.com 另一种清除蛛网膜下腔出血的操作为脑脊液腰池引流 (lumbar drainage, LD)。一项关于 LD 的前瞻性试验显示,DCI 的发病率降低,但 6 个月结局没有改善。[199]Al-Tamimi YZ, Bhargava D, Feltbower RG, et al. Lumbar drainage of cerebrospinal fluid after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial (LUMAS). Stroke. 2012 Mar;43(3):677-82.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22282887?tool=bestpractice.com 目前尚不清楚经血管造影发现的无症状血管痉挛是否需要治疗。[200]Nolan CP, Macdonald RL. Can angiographic vasospasm be used as a surrogate marker in evaluating therapeutic interventions for cerebral vasospasm? Neurosurg Focus. 2006 Sep 15;21(3):E1.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17029333?tool=bestpractice.com 不过在一项应用白蛋白的回顾性研究中,[201]Suarez JI, Shannon L, Zaidat OO, et al. Effect of human albumin administration on clinical outcome and hospital cost in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2004 Apr;100(4):585-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15070109?tool=bestpractice.com 其他研究显示在无症状性患者中预防性扩容对结局无影响。[180]Rinkel GJ, Feigin VL, Algra A, et al. Circulatory volume expansion therapy for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004 Oct 18;(4):CD000483.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000483.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15494997?tool=bestpractice.com[202]Lennihan L, Mayer SA, Fink ME, et al. Effect of hypervolemic therapy on cerebral blood flow after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke. 2000 Feb;31(2):383-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10657410?tool=bestpractice.com
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