他汀类药物
他汀类药物(3-羟基-3-甲基-戊二酰辅酶A 还原酶抑制剂)在预防血管痉挛方面显示出一定前景。但是,许多综述对这些小型研究的结论提出了质疑,并提醒不要广泛使用他汀类药物。[100]Sandercock P. 'Yes' or 'no' to routine statins after subarachnoid hemorrhage to prevent delayed cerebral ischaemia, vasospasm, and death? A cautionary tale of 2 meta-analyses. Stroke. 2010;41:e1-2.http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/41/1/e1http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19959535?tool=bestpractice.com[101]Liu Z, Liu L, Zhang Z, et al. Cholesterol-reducing agents for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. 2013;(4):CD008184.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008184.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23633351?tool=bestpractice.com 有学者提出,血管痉挛期间的神经保护机制可能与 NO 合成酶通路的诱导相关,导致脑血管扩张和脑供血增加。4 项小规模的随机安慰剂对照单中心研究探讨了对 SAH 患者应用他汀类药物的安全性和可行性。[102]Tseng MY, Czosnyka M, Richards H, et al. Effects of acute treatment with pravastatin on cerebral vasospasm, autoregulation, and delayed ischemic deficits after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a phase II randomized placebo-controlled trial. Stroke. 2005 Aug;36(8):1627-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16049199?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Lynch JR, Wang H, McGirt MJ, et al. Simvastatin reduces vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: results of a pilot randomized clinical trial. Stroke. 2005 Sep;36(9):2024-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16051891?tool=bestpractice.com[104]Vergouwen MD, Meijers JC, Geskus RB, et al. Biologic effects of simvastatin in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2009 Aug;29(8):1444-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19458605?tool=bestpractice.com[105]Chou SH, Smith EE, Badjatia N, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of simvastatin in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2008 Oct;39(10):2891-3.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.505875http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18658043?tool=bestpractice.com 其中 3 项研究使用 80 mg 剂量的辛伐他汀,[104]Vergouwen MD, Meijers JC, Geskus RB, et al. Biologic effects of simvastatin in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2009 Aug;29(8):1444-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19458605?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Lynch JR, Wang H, McGirt MJ, et al. Simvastatin reduces vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: results of a pilot randomized clinical trial. Stroke. 2005 Sep;36(9):2024-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16051891?tool=bestpractice.com[105]Chou SH, Smith EE, Badjatia N, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of simvastatin in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2008 Oct;39(10):2891-3.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.505875http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18658043?tool=bestpractice.com 一项研究使用 40 mg 普伐他汀。[102]Tseng MY, Czosnyka M, Richards H, et al. Effects of acute treatment with pravastatin on cerebral vasospasm, autoregulation, and delayed ischemic deficits after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a phase II randomized placebo-controlled trial. Stroke. 2005 Aug;36(8):1627-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16049199?tool=bestpractice.com 研究者评估了由经颅多普勒确定的血管痉挛和迟发性缺血性缺损 (DID) 的发生率以及治疗对结局的影响。结果至多能算具有不一致性,关于当前他汀类药物在预防血管痉挛方面的作用,未得出有意义的结论。[100]Sandercock P. 'Yes' or 'no' to routine statins after subarachnoid hemorrhage to prevent delayed cerebral ischaemia, vasospasm, and death? A cautionary tale of 2 meta-analyses. Stroke. 2010;41:e1-2.http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/41/1/e1http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19959535?tool=bestpractice.com 一项近期、多中心、III 期随机试验纳入了 803 名患者,评估了在出现 SAH 后给予 40 mg 辛伐他汀治疗 21 天的效果,结果发现无短期或长期获益。[106]Kirkpatrick PJ, Turner CL, Smith C, et al. Simvastatin in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (STASH): a multicentre randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13:666-675.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24837690?tool=bestpractice.com
硫酸镁
入院时低镁血症在 SAH 患者中常见;但是,关于它是否能独立预测 DID 的发生尚存争论。[107]van den Bergh WM, Algra A, van der Sprenkel JW, et al. Hypomagnesemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 2003;52:276-281.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12535355?tool=bestpractice.com[108]Collignon FP, Friedman JA, Piepgras DG, et al. Serum magnesium levels as related to symptomatic vasospasm and outcome following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2004;1:441-448.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16174947?tool=bestpractice.com[109]Wong GK, Poon WS, Chan MT, et al. Plasma magnesium concentrations and clinical outcomes in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients: post hoc analysis of intravenous magnesium sulphate for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage trial. Stroke. 2010;41:1841-1844.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20538692?tool=bestpractice.com 在一项初步随机双盲研究中,比较了给予 Mg++ 离子与盐水,发现在使用 Mg++ 离子的情况下存在症状性血管痉挛更少的趋势。[110]Wong GK, Chan MT, Boet R, et al. Intravenous magnesium sulfate after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a prospective randomized pilot study. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2006;18:142-148.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16628069?tool=bestpractice.com 但是,大规模对照试验未发现持续性 Mg++ 离子输注对 DID 或结局有决定性影响。[111]van den Bergh WM, Algra A, van Kooten F, et al; MASH Study Group. Magnesium sulfate in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke. 2005;36:1011-1015.http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/36/5/1011http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15790946?tool=bestpractice.com[112]Dorhout Mees SM, Algra A, Vandertop WP, et al. Magnesium for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (MASH-2): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2012;380:44-49.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673612607247http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22633825?tool=bestpractice.com 关于镁对血管痉挛风险、DID 及总体结局的影响,其他随机对照试验也仅仅是增加了一些不一致的证据。[113]Schmid-Elsaesser R, Kunz M, Zausinger S, et al. Intravenous magnesium versus nimodipine in the treatment of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized study. Neurosurgery. 2006;58:1054-1065.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16723884?tool=bestpractice.com[114]Prevedello DM, Cordeiro JG, de Morais AL, et al. Magnesium sulfate: role as possible attenuating factor in vasospasm morbidity. Surg Neurol. 2006;65 Suppl 1:S1:14-1:20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16427437?tool=bestpractice.com[115]Brewer RP, Parra A, Lynch J, et al. Cerebral blood flow velocity response to magnesium sulfate in patients after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2001;13:202-206.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11426093?tool=bestpractice.com[116]Westermaier T, Stetter C, Vince GH, et al. Prophylactic intravenous magnesium sulfate for treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical study. Crit Care Med. 2010;38:1284-1290.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20228677?tool=bestpractice.com[117]Wong GK, Poon WS, Chan MT, et al; IMASH Investigators. Intravenous magnesium sulphate for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (IMASH): a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter phase III trial. Stroke. 2010;41:921-926.http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/41/5/921http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20378868?tool=bestpractice.com[118]Zhao XD, Zhou YT, Zhang X, et al. A meta analysis of treating subarachnoid hemorrhage with magnesium sulfate. J Clin Neurosci. 2009;16:1394-1397.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19700328?tool=bestpractice.com 一项 meta 分析显示,仍然缺乏证据支持硫酸镁能够减少血管痉挛和 DID 发生。[119]Wong GK, Boet R, Poon WS, et al. Intravenous magnesium sulphate for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: an updated systemic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2011;15:R52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3221982/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21299874?tool=bestpractice.com[120]Westerlaan HE, van Dijk JM, Jansen-van der Weide MC, et al. Intracranial aneurysms in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: CT angiography as a primary examination tool for diagnosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiology. 2011;258:134-145.http://radiology.rsna.org/content/258/1/134.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20935079?tool=bestpractice.com 一项小型研究介绍了对 SAH 患者直接持续脑池内输注硫酸镁的情况。[121]Yamamoto T, Mori K, Esaki T, et al. Preventive effect of continuous cisternal irrigation with magnesium sulfate solution on angiographic cerebral vasospasms associated with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhages: a randomized controlled trial. J Neurosurg. 2016;124:18-26.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26230471?tool=bestpractice.com 该干预既对脑梗死风险无影响,也对 SAH 后 3 个月的总体结局无有益影响。
内皮素-1 拮抗剂
内皮素-1 (endothelin-1, ET-1) 于 1988 年发现。它是一种来源于血管内皮的 21 氨基酸肽,在血管张力调节方面有重要作用。ET-1 通过两种受体亚型(ETA 和 ETB)发挥作用。ETA 受体见于血管平滑肌细胞,介导小血管和大血管的收缩。另一方面,ETB 受体见于脑、主动脉、肺和肾脏血管内皮细胞,通过产生血管扩张物质(例如前列环素和 NO)来调节 ET-1 介导的血管收缩。它们也见于血管平滑肌细胞,可介导此处的血管收缩。[122]Keyrouz SG, Diringer MN. Clinical review: prevention and therapy of vasospasm in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Crit Care. 2007;11(4):220.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17705883?tool=bestpractice.com 一项关于克拉生坦(一种 ETA 拮抗剂)的 IIa 期临床试验显示,该药可减少血管造影性血管痉挛的发生,并减轻其严重程度。[123]Vajkoczy P, Meyer B, Weidauer S, et al. Clazosentan (AXV-034343), a selective endothelin A receptor antagonist, in the prevention of cerebral vasospasm following severe aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter phase IIa study. J Neurosurg. 2005;103:9-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16121967?tool=bestpractice.com 对于另一种 ETA/B 拮抗剂 TAK-044,也正在开展 II 期试验进行评估。[124]Shaw MD, Vermeulen M, Murray GD, et al. Efficacy and safety of the endothelin, receptor antagonist TAK-044 in treating subarachnoid hemorrhage: a report by the Steering Committee on behalf of the UK/Netherlands/Eire TAK-044 Subarachnoid Haemorrhage Study Group. J Neurosurg. 2000;93:992-997.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11117873?tool=bestpractice.com 迟发性缺血性缺损见于 29.5% 接受药物治疗和 36.6% 接受安慰剂的患者 (RR 0.8, 95%CI 0.61-1.06)。一项对照临床试验纳入 413 名 SAH 患者,评估了另一种此类药物克拉生坦。[125]Macdonald RL, Kassell NF, Mayer S, et al; CONSCIOUS-1 Investigators. Clazosentan to overcome neurological ischemia and infarction occurring after subarachnoid hemorrhage (CONSCIOUS-1): randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 dose-finding trial. Stroke. 2008;39:3015-3021.http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/39/11/3015http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18688013?tool=bestpractice.com 尽管对结局没有影响,但可明显缓解中至重度血管造影性血管痉挛。一项 III 期临床试验评估了 ETA 拮抗剂在预防血管痉挛方面所起的作用。[126]Macdonald RL, Higashida RT, Keller E, et al. Preventing vasospasm improves outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: rationale and design of CONSCIOUS-2 and CONSCIOUS-3 trials. Neurocrit Care. 2010;13:416-424.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20838933?tool=bestpractice.com[127]Macdonald RL, Higashida RT, Keller E, et al. Clazosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage undergoing surgical clipping: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial (CONSCIOUS-2). Lancet Neurol. 2011;10:618-625.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21640651?tool=bestpractice.com 克拉生坦并未对死亡率和与血管痉挛相关的并发症发生率或功能预后产生显著影响。当仅分析接受弹簧圈栓塞治疗的患者时,对总体结局依然未产生显著影响。[128]Macdonald RL, Higashida RT, Keller E, et al. Randomized trial of clazosentan in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage undergoing endovascular coiling. Stroke. 2012;43:1463-1469.http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/43/6/1463.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22403047?tool=bestpractice.com 一项 Cochrane 评价总结道,尽管 ET 受体拮抗剂能够减少 DID 和血管造影性血管痉挛,但对总体结局无影响,并且其应用伴随不良事件。[129]Guo J, Shi Z, Yang K, et al. Endothelin receptor antagonists for subarachnoid hemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(9):CD008354.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008354.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972119?tool=bestpractice.com