过去 30 年以来手术和血管内治疗技术以及手术后重症护理的进步使得病死率下降。但是,SAH 的总体结局依然不佳。[130]Hop JW, Rinkel GJ, Algra A, et al. Case-fatality rates and functional outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review. Stroke. 1997 Mar;28(3):660-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9056628?tool=bestpractice.com[131]Dijkland SA, Roozenbeek B, Brouwer PA, et al. Prediction of 60-day case fatality after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: external validation of a prediction model. Crit Care Med. 2016 Aug;44(8):1523-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26985635?tool=bestpractice.com SAH 在卒中相关过早死亡原因中占大约 1/3。[132]Johnston SC, Selvin S, Gress DR. The burden, trends, and demographics of mortality from subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology. 1998 May;50(5):1413-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9595997?tool=bestpractice.com SAH 所致死亡率约为 3/100,000,占脑血管死亡的 4.4%。[132]Johnston SC, Selvin S, Gress DR. The burden, trends, and demographics of mortality from subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology. 1998 May;50(5):1413-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9595997?tool=bestpractice.com 死亡率在黑人和女性患者中略高。死亡原因为原发出血 (19%)、再出血 (22%)、血管痉挛 (23%) 以及并发症 (23%)。[41]Solenski NJ, Haley EC Jr, Kassell NF, et al. Medical complications of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a report of the multicenter, cooperative aneurysm study. Participants of the Multicenter Cooperative Aneurysm Study. Crit Care Med. 1995 Jun;23(6):1007-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7774210?tool=bestpractice.com 高龄、就诊时反应水平(采用世界神经外科医生联盟 [WFNS] 量表评估)[1]Suarez JI, Tarr RW, Selman WR. Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jan 26;354(4):387-96.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16436770?tool=bestpractice.com 以及蛛网膜下腔出血量是 30 天死亡率的强有力预测因素。[79]Broderick JP, Brott TG, Duldner JE, et al. Initial and recurrent bleeding are the major causes of death following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 1994 Jul;25(7):1342-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8023347?tool=bestpractice.com 在接受夹闭治疗的患者中,部分入院时 WFNS 量表评分较好的患者出现结局不佳是由于围术期和术后即刻神经系统损伤。[133]Mahaney KB, Todd MM, Bayman EO, et al; IHAST Investigators. Acute postoperative neurological deterioration associated with surgery for ruptured intracranial aneurysm: incidence, predictors, and outcomes. J Neurosurg. 2012 Jun;116(6):1267-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22404668?tool=bestpractice.com
内科并发症占 SAH 死因的四分之一。[36]Tung P, Kopelnik A, Banki N, et al. Predictors of neurocardiogenic injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2004 Feb;35(2):548-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14739408?tool=bestpractice.com 40% 患者在 SAH 后最初 3 个月内出现至少一种并发症。[8]Kassell NF, Torner JC, Haley EC Jr, et al. The International Cooperative Study on the Timing of Aneurysm Surgery. Part 1: overall management results. J Neurosurg. 1990 Jul;73(1):18-36.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2191090?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Kassell NF, Torner JC, Jane JA, et al. The International Cooperative Study on the Timing of Aneurysm Surgery. Part 2: surgical results. J Neurosurg. 1990 Jul;73(1):37-47.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2191091?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Solenski NJ, Haley EC Jr, Kassell NF, et al. Medical complications of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a report of the multicenter, cooperative aneurysm study. Participants of the Multicenter Cooperative Aneurysm Study. Crit Care Med. 1995 Jun;23(6):1007-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7774210?tool=bestpractice.com[134]Diringer MN. Subarachnoid hemorrhage: a multiple-organ system disease. Crit Care Med. 2003 Jun;31(6):1884-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12794446?tool=bestpractice.com 心脏和呼吸系统并发症最为常见。存在心壁运动异常似乎意味着 SAH 后总体结局不佳。[135]van der Bilt I, Hasan D, van den Brink R, et al; SEASAH (Serial Echocardiography After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage) Investigators. Cardiac dysfunction after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: relationship with outcome. Neurology. 2014 Jan 28;82(4):351-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24363132?tool=bestpractice.com 24% 的患者出现一定程度的肝功能异常(4% 出现严重肝功能障碍)。[41]Solenski NJ, Haley EC Jr, Kassell NF, et al. Medical complications of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a report of the multicenter, cooperative aneurysm study. Participants of the Multicenter Cooperative Aneurysm Study. Crit Care Med. 1995 Jun;23(6):1007-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7774210?tool=bestpractice.com 肾衰竭 (1.4%)、贫血 (5%)、血栓性静脉炎 (1.4%) 以及肺栓塞 (0.8%) 也是住院期间曾发生的并发症。[8]Kassell NF, Torner JC, Haley EC Jr, et al. The International Cooperative Study on the Timing of Aneurysm Surgery. Part 1: overall management results. J Neurosurg. 1990 Jul;73(1):18-36.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2191090?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Kassell NF, Torner JC, Jane JA, et al. The International Cooperative Study on the Timing of Aneurysm Surgery. Part 2: surgical results. J Neurosurg. 1990 Jul;73(1):37-47.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2191091?tool=bestpractice.com
在 SAH 后 6 个月时,超过 25% 的患者死亡,约半数存活患者出现中至重度失能。[8]Kassell NF, Torner JC, Haley EC Jr, et al. The International Cooperative Study on the Timing of Aneurysm Surgery. Part 1: overall management results. J Neurosurg. 1990 Jul;73(1):18-36.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2191090?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Kassell NF, Torner JC, Jane JA, et al. The International Cooperative Study on the Timing of Aneurysm Surgery. Part 2: surgical results. J Neurosurg. 1990 Jul;73(1):37-47.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2191091?tool=bestpractice.com 超过 50% 的存活患者出现记忆、情绪以及其他认知功能损害等问题,导致对功能状态、情绪健康以及生活质量的产生不良影响。[136]Hackett ML, Anderson CS. Health outcomes 1 year after subarachnoid hemorrhage: an international population-based study. The Australian Cooperative Research on Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Study Group. Neurology. 2000 Sep 12;55(5):658-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10980729?tool=bestpractice.com[137]Mayer SA, Kreiter KT, Copeland D, et al. Global and domain-specific cognitive impairment and outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology. 2002 Dec 10;59(11):1750-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12473764?tool=bestpractice.com 在 6 个月时,75% 入院时清醒的患者恢复良好,而入院时昏迷的患者仅有 11% 存活。[8]Kassell NF, Torner JC, Haley EC Jr, et al. The International Cooperative Study on the Timing of Aneurysm Surgery. Part 1: overall management results. J Neurosurg. 1990 Jul;73(1):18-36.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2191090?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Kassell NF, Torner JC, Jane JA, et al. The International Cooperative Study on the Timing of Aneurysm Surgery. Part 2: surgical results. J Neurosurg. 1990 Jul;73(1):37-47.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2191091?tool=bestpractice.com 在 SAH 后死亡的患者中,有超过 40% 存在脑外器官系统功能障碍,这是结局的独立预测因素。[138]Gruber A, Reinprecht A, Illievich UM, et al. Extracerebral organ dysfunction and neurologic outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Crit Care Med. 1999 Mar;27(3):505-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10199529?tool=bestpractice.com[139]Kochanek PM, Yonas H. Subarachnoid hemorrhage, systemic immune response syndrome, and MODS: is there cross-talk between the injured brain and the extra-cerebral organ systems? Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Crit Care Med. 1999 Mar;27(3):454-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10199510?tool=bestpractice.com 这提示除了脑以外将其他器官系统功能障碍作为潜在的治疗目标,也有可能改善患者结局。医院内行动脉瘤修补的频率(每年超过 30 例颅骨切开动脉瘤修补手术)以及存在且能够应用血管内治疗与 SAH 后结局良好独立相关。[140]Berman MF, Solomon RA, Mayer SA, et al. Impact of hospital-related factors on outcome after treatment of cerebral aneurysms. Stroke. 2003 Sep;34(9):2200-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12907814?tool=bestpractice.com[141]Johnston SC. Effect of endovascular services and hospital volume on cerebral aneurysm treatment outcomes. Stroke. 2000 Jan;31(1):111-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10625724?tool=bestpractice.com[142]Solomon RA, Mayer SA, Tarmey JJ. Relationship between the volume of craniotomies for cerebral aneurysm performed at New York state hospitals and in-hospital mortality. Stroke. 1996 Jan;27(1):13-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8553389?tool=bestpractice.com 这使得部分研究者支持根据区域选择 SAH 治疗。[143]Bardach NS, Olson SJ, Elkins JS, et al. Regionalization of treatment for subarachnoid hemorrhage: a cost-utility analysis. Circulation. 2004 May 11;109(18):2207-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15117848?tool=bestpractice.com
载脂蛋白 E (apolipoprotein E, APOE) 对结局有一定影响。APOE 基因型的产物为一种多形性的蛋白质,该蛋白质有 3 种常见的亚型(apoE2、apoE3、apoE4)。ApoE 由星形胶质细胞产生,是一种复杂的、参与神经保护的多功能蛋白。因为 apoE4 的神经保护作用弱于其他亚型,带有 apoE4 的患者在发生 SAH 后出现结局不佳的风险相对较高。[144]Lanterna LA, Biroli F. Significance of apolipoprotein E in subarachnoid hemorrhage: neuronal injury, repair, and therapeutic perspectives - a review. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009 Mar-Apr;18(2):116-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19251187?tool=bestpractice.com