发作性睡病患者接受非药物治疗,如一般的生活方式措施和睡眠卫生(相对严格的睡眠计划,小睡和避免睡眠减少、酒精、抽烟和深夜锻炼)。药物治疗用于缓解白天过度嗜睡(EDS) 和猝倒。[105]Wise MS, Arand DL, Auger RR, et al; American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Treatment of narcolepsy and other hypersomnias of central origin. Sleep. 2007 Dec;30(12):1712-27.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2276130/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18246981?tool=bestpractice.com[106]Zaharna M, Dimitriu A, Guilleminault C. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy of narcolepsy. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2010 Jul;11(10):1633-45.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20426704?tool=bestpractice.com
非药物治疗
非药物途径包括睡眠卫生,和保证规律和充足的睡眠,以使白天嗜睡最小化。日间小睡计划可优化日间功能。建议严重的 EDS 患者在家或工作时不要驾驶车辆或参加有潜在危险的活动。建议避免酒精或中枢神经系统抑制药物。充足的心理支持非常重要。[107]Goswami M. The influence of clinical symptoms on quality of life in patients with narcolepsy. Neurology. 1998 Feb;50(2 suppl 1):S31-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9484421?tool=bestpractice.com[108]Roy A. Psychiatric aspects of narcolepsy. Br J Psychiatry. 1976 Jun;128:562-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1276566?tool=bestpractice.com[109]Mullington J, Broughton R. Scheduled naps in the management of daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy-cataplexy. Sleep. 1993 Aug;16(5):444-56.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8378686?tool=bestpractice.com[110]Rogers AE, Aldrich MS, Lin X. A comparison of three different sleep schedules for reducing daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy. Sleep. 2001 Jun 15;24(4):385-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11403522?tool=bestpractice.com[111]Mitler MM, Aldrich MS, Koob GF, et al. Narcolepsy and its treatment with stimulants. ASDA standards of practice. Sleep. 1994 Jun;17(4):352-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7973321?tool=bestpractice.com有轻度症状的患者可单独使用非药物疗法进行治疗。
EDS 的治疗
EDS 使用中枢神经系统兴奋剂,[111]Mitler MM, Aldrich MS, Koob GF, et al. Narcolepsy and its treatment with stimulants. ASDA standards of practice. Sleep. 1994 Jun;17(4):352-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7973321?tool=bestpractice.com[112]Boutrel B, Koob GF. What keeps us awake: the neuropharmacology of stimulants and wakefulness-promoting medications. Sleep. 2004 Sep 15;27(6):1181-94.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15532213?tool=bestpractice.com[113]Morgenthaler TI, Kapur VK, Brown T, et al; Standards of Practice Committee of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Practice parameters for the treatment of narcolepsy and other hypersomnias of central origin. Sleep. 2007 Dec;30(12):1705-11.http://www.aasmnet.org/Resources/PracticeParameters/PP_Narcolepsy.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18246980?tool=bestpractice.com如莫达非尼和哌醋甲酯予以治疗。由于不良反应最小,莫达非尼是一线治疗。[114]Golicki D, Bala MM, Niewada M, et al. Modafinil for narcolepsy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Med Sci Monit. 2010 Aug;16(8):RA177-86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20671626?tool=bestpractice.comEDS 的症状改善:有一高质量证据表明,相较于安慰剂,莫达非尼对于治疗发作性睡病患者的白天过度嗜睡是有效的。[114]Golicki D, Bala MM, Niewada M, et al. Modafinil for narcolepsy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Med Sci Monit. 2010 Aug;16(8):RA177-86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20671626?tool=bestpractice.com莫达非尼并未显示出有减少猝倒发作频率的效益。[114]Golicki D, Bala MM, Niewada M, et al. Modafinil for narcolepsy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Med Sci Monit. 2010 Aug;16(8):RA177-86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20671626?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。症状改善:有一中等质量证据表明,莫达非尼和羟丁酸钠对于治疗发作性睡病引起的睡眠过度是有效的。[105]Wise MS, Arand DL, Auger RR, et al; American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Treatment of narcolepsy and other hypersomnias of central origin. Sleep. 2007 Dec;30(12):1712-27.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2276130/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18246981?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。阿莫达非尼是(外消旋莫达非尼的)R-对映体,可作为替代选择,具有较长的半衰期(持续 10-14 小时),因此具有效果持续时间较长的优点,尤其是在午后。[115]Bogan RK. Armodafinil in the treatment of excessive sleepiness. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2010 Apr;11(6):993-1002.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20307223?tool=bestpractice.com然而,无法在此时充分地确定长期有效性和安全性。[116]Brown JN, Wilson DT. Safety and efficacy of armodafinil in the treatment of excessive sleepiness. Clin Med Insights Ther. 2011;3:159-69.http://www.la-press.com/safety-and-efficacy-of-armodafinil-in-the-treatment-of-excessive-sleep-article-a2623
如果莫达非尼不耐受或最大剂量仍无效果,或出现显著不良反应时,使用哌醋甲酯或右苯丙胺。短效哌醋甲酯或其他兴奋剂经常与莫达非尼或阿莫达非尼合用。去氧麻黄碱是所有兴奋剂中最有效的,但由于其高效和被滥用的潜在可能,它被认为是最后的手段。
羟丁酸钠,症状改善:有一中等质量证据表明,莫达非尼和羟丁酸钠对于治疗发作性睡病引起的睡眠过度是有效的。[105]Wise MS, Arand DL, Auger RR, et al; American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Treatment of narcolepsy and other hypersomnias of central origin. Sleep. 2007 Dec;30(12):1712-27.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2276130/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18246981?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。批准的 γ-羟基丁酸盐配方,昂贵且有严重滥用的潜在可能(至少在理论上),因此它只有在其他强兴奋剂无效时才能用于治疗 EDS。改善白天多度嗜睡[117]Black J, Houghton WC. Sodium oxybate improves excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy. Sleep 2006 Jul;29(7):939-46.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16895262?tool=bestpractice.com 和夜间睡眠中断[118]Black J, Pardi D, Hornfeldt CS, et al. The nightly administration of sodium oxybate results in significant reduction in the nocturnal sleep disruption of patients with narcolepsy. Sleep Medicine. 2009 Sep;10(8):829-35.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19616998?tool=bestpractice.com的疗效
[119]Black J, Pardi D, Hornfeldt CS, et al. The nightly use of sodium oxybate is associated with a reduction in nocturnal sleep disruption: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with narcolepsy. J Clin Sleep Med. 2010 Dec 15;6(6):596-602.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3014247/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21206549?tool=bestpractice.com已被表明。
猝倒的治疗
猝倒使用羟丁酸钠或抗抑郁剂予以治疗。[111]Mitler MM, Aldrich MS, Koob GF, et al. Narcolepsy and its treatment with stimulants. ASDA standards of practice. Sleep. 1994 Jun;17(4):352-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7973321?tool=bestpractice.com[112]Boutrel B, Koob GF. What keeps us awake: the neuropharmacology of stimulants and wakefulness-promoting medications. Sleep. 2004 Sep 15;27(6):1181-94.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15532213?tool=bestpractice.com[120]Scammell TE. The neurobiology, diagnosis, and treatment of narcolepsy. Ann Neurol. 2003 Feb;53(2):154-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12557281?tool=bestpractice.com[121]Vignatelli L, D'Alessandro R, Candelise L. Antidepressant drugs for narcolepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(1):CD003724.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003724.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18254030?tool=bestpractice.com[122]Alshaikh MK, Tricco AC, Tashkandi M, et al. Sodium oxybate for narcolepsy with cataplexy: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Sleep Med. 2012 Aug 15;8(4):451-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3407266/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22893778?tool=bestpractice.com[123]Boscolo-Berto R, Viel G, Montagnese S, et al. Narcolepsy and effectiveness of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB): a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sleep Med Rev. 2012 Oct;16(5):431-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22055895?tool=bestpractice.com羟丁酸钠用作猝倒的一线治疗选择,且已获准用于治疗嗜睡症成人患者的此适应症。
5-羟色胺-去甲肾上腺素-再摄取抑制剂(例如,文拉法辛)选择性去甲肾上腺素-再摄取抑制剂(例如,阿托西汀)或 SSRIs 可用作二线治疗。这些药物的耐受性比三环抗抑郁药 (TCAs)好,但需要更高的剂量。SSRIs 与有重度抑郁或其他精神疾病的儿童、青少年和青年自杀风险增加相关。由于具有显著的抗胆碱能作用,TCAs 被用作猝倒的三线治疗。
如果患者还共存抑郁症状,或如果羟丁酸钠的滥用潜力可能构成问题,则把所有这些药物作为一线治疗是合理的。
由于它们显著的药物间相互作用和不良反应,很少使用单胺氧化酶抑制剂,它是在患者对其他药物有抗药性时所采取的最后的手段。经典 MAOIs(例如异卡波肼、苯乙肼、苯环丙胺)不可逆地抑制 MAO-A 和 MAO-B两种酶,很少用于此适应症。较新的药物如吗氯贝胺(在美国不可用)和司来吉兰选择性地抑制 MAO-A 酶,因此不良反应较少。然而,经验是有限的,使用该药治疗猝倒需要进行专家会诊。
抗抑郁剂也可用于治疗入睡前/醒觉前幻觉和睡眠麻痹。关于避免触发因素的建议也很重要。
治疗儿童发作性睡病
应告知所有的儿童关于睡眠卫生的习惯和 9 小时总夜间睡眠持续时间的建议。[4]Guilleminault C, Fromherz S. Narcolepsy: diagnosis and management. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC, eds. Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2005.有计划的小睡通常是在午餐时间或午后。联系并教育学校教师发作性睡病的相关知识是可取的。对非药物干预无反应的儿童采用药物治疗,包括哌醋甲酯或莫达非尼治疗 EDS 和抗抑郁剂(例如氟西汀、文拉法辛和氯米帕明)治疗猝倒。尚无特效药获准治疗<16 岁的发作性睡病患者;因此,只应在专家指导下开具药物。