虽然没有(或有限的)干预,有些创伤后应激障碍患者也可能恢复,但许多没有得到有效的治疗的人会随着时间的推移发展为慢性问题。大多数创伤后应激障碍的患者症状通常持续数月甚至数年。这种疾病的持续时间并不能阻止人们从有效的治疗中受益。对创伤的最初反应的严重程度是确定早期干预目标的重要依据。创伤后应激障碍可采用一系列的心理和药物干预。
治疗目标
治疗的目标是:[58]Ursano RJ, Bell C, Eth S, et al; American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(suppl 11):3-31.http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/acutestressdisorderptsd.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15617511?tool=bestpractice.com
减轻症状的严重程度
预防或治疗目前存在或可能出现创伤相关的共病状态。
提高适应能力,恢复安全感和信任感。
减少复发。
限制经历了创伤性事件后对经历的危险的泛化。
一般治疗原则
所有患者均应被尊重、信任和理解,尽量少使用专业术语。医疗保健专业人员应熟悉患者的文化背景,采取适当的方法来克服语言或文化差异产生的障碍:例如,通过使用翻译人员和语言治疗师。以共情的方式实际支持对促进创伤性事件后恢复来说很重要。[64]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Post-traumatic stress disorder: management. March 2005. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 7 October 2016).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG26
所有的治疗均应该由有能力的、经过适当训练并有心理教育背景的人来进行。这应该包括下列信息:有关创伤后的常见反应(包括创伤后应激障碍的症状、病程和治疗),以及治疗过程中可能出现的情况。个人提供治疗应该得到适当的监督。[64]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Post-traumatic stress disorder: management. March 2005. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 7 October 2016).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG26
健康和社会保健工作者应注意创伤事件的心理影响,在照顾事件后幸存者时,立即对他们提供实际,社会和情感支持。
治疗不应因法院诉讼或申请赔偿而被隐瞒或延误。[64]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Post-traumatic stress disorder: management. March 2005. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 7 October 2016).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG26
患者很可能会急于获得治疗。医疗保健专业人士应该认识到这一挑战的存在,并做出适当回应:例如那些错过了预约时间的患者。创伤心理治疗通常只当患者认为它是安全地进行时才考虑采用。[64]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Post-traumatic stress disorder: management. March 2005. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 7 October 2016).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG26
家人和照料者在支持创伤后应激障碍的患者的干预中发挥中流砥柱的作用。与其他精神疾病的情况类似,特别是长期的病程中,认识到照料者的负担很重要。根据创伤的性质及其后果,家人自身可能也需要支持。医疗保健专业人员应该意识到创伤后应激障碍 (PTSD) 对整个家庭的影响,并且适当,保证 PTSD 患者家属知情创伤性事件的普遍反应,包括 PTSD 的症状、病程和治疗。[64]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Post-traumatic stress disorder: management. March 2005. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 7 October 2016).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG26
家人和照料者也应被告知自助团体和支持团体,并鼓励他们参加这样的团体。如果超过 1 名家庭成员患有创伤后应激障碍,医护人员应确保所有家庭成员的治疗是有效协调的。[64]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Post-traumatic stress disorder: management. March 2005. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 7 October 2016).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG26
通过确保患者及其家属得到适当的实际和社会支持,特别是在创伤后立即得到适当的支持,可以促进创伤后应激障碍的恢复。如果需要,应提供帮助或建议,以减少或消除与创伤性事件相关的持续威胁。[64]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Post-traumatic stress disorder: management. March 2005. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 7 October 2016).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG26
在经历过巨大创伤后的早期和中期阶段,为了指导干预和预防工作,已经设置了 5 条循证支持干预原则:(1) 安全感,(2) 平静的心情,(3) 自我和团体的价值感,(4) 好的人际关系,和 (5) 心存希望。[69]Hobfoll SE, Watson P, Bell CC, et al. Five essential elements of immediate and mid-term mass trauma intervention: empirical evidence. Psychiatry. 2007;70:283-319.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18181708?tool=bestpractice.com
观察等待
建议有轻度症状的患者(即,患者可以控制引起的痛苦,且其社会和职业功能是没有明显受损)或中度症状的患者(即,痛苦和对功能的影响在某种程度上介于轻度和重度之间,且患者不被认为是有自杀自伤或伤人的高风险),若症状出现于创伤后 3 个月以内,1 个月内应安排一次随访。[64]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Post-traumatic stress disorder: management. March 2005. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 7 October 2016).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG26一些中度患者且存在一些严重症状时可能会考虑治疗,但是,这主要取决于患者自己的选择。
心理干预
应当指出的是,不建议向近期刚经历创伤的人系统地提供针对创伤事件的单次或多次晤谈干预(包括常常被称为任务报告的干预)。[57]Benedek DM, Friedman MJ, Zatzick D, et al. Guideline watch (March 2009): Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. 2009. http://psychiatryonline.org/ (last accessed 7 October 2016).http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/acutestressdisorderptsd-watch.pdf[63]Australian Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health. Australian guidelines for the treatment of acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. 2013. http://phoenixaustralia.org/ (last accessed 7 October 2016).http://phoenixaustralia.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Phoenix-ASD-PTSD-Guidelines.pdf[64]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Post-traumatic stress disorder: management. March 2005. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 7 October 2016).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG26[70]Gartlehner G, Forneris CA, Brownley KA, et al. Interventions for the prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults after exposure to psychological trauma. Comparative effectiveness review no. 109. AHRQ Publication No. 13-EHC062-EF. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2013.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK133344/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23658936?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Roberts N, Kitchiner N, Kenardy J, et al. Multiple session early interventions for the prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(3):CD006869.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19588408?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Bastos MH, Furuta M, Small R, et al. Debriefing interventions for the prevention of psychological trauma in women following childbirth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(4):CD007194.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007194.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25858181?tool=bestpractice.com
当症状为重度(即患者感到难以控制的痛苦,和/或症状引起社会和/或职业功能的显著损害,并且/或者被认为有自杀、自伤、或伤人的高风险),发生于创伤后 3 个月以内,则建议使用以创伤为治疗靶点的认知行为疗法 (TFCBT)。[57]Benedek DM, Friedman MJ, Zatzick D, et al. Guideline watch (March 2009): Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. 2009. http://psychiatryonline.org/ (last accessed 7 October 2016).http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/acutestressdisorderptsd-watch.pdf[63]Australian Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health. Australian guidelines for the treatment of acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. 2013. http://phoenixaustralia.org/ (last accessed 7 October 2016).http://phoenixaustralia.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Phoenix-ASD-PTSD-Guidelines.pdf[70]Gartlehner G, Forneris CA, Brownley KA, et al. Interventions for the prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults after exposure to psychological trauma. Comparative effectiveness review no. 109. AHRQ Publication No. 13-EHC062-EF. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2013.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK133344/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23658936?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Ponniah K, Hollon SD. Empirically supported psychological treatments for adult acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder: a review. Depress Anxiety. 2009;26:1086-1109.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19957280?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Bisson JI, Roberts NP, Andrew M, et al. Psychological therapies for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(12):CD003388.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003388.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24338345?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Roberts N, Kitchiner NJ, Kenardy J, et al. Early psychological interventions to treat acute traumatic stress symptoms. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(3):CD007944.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20238359?tool=bestpractice.com
对任何程度的症状出现3个月或更长时间的患者也应提供以创伤为重点的认知行为疗法。[76]Steenkamp MM, Litz BT, Hoge CW, et al. Psychotherapy for military-related PTSD: a review of randomized clinical trials. JAMA. 2015;314:489-500.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26241600?tool=bestpractice.com症状严重程度:有高质量的证据显示,在降低符合 PTSD 诊断标准的患者症状严重程度和患者比例方面,以创伤为治疗靶点的认知行为疗法比不进行任何治疗更有效。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。然而,在这个患者人群中还建议另一种创伤聚焦心理治疗:眼动脱敏再处理 (Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing, EMDR)症状严重程度:有高质量的证据显示,在降低 PTSD 发生率方面,眼动心身重建法和压力管理一样有效。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。。[57]Benedek DM, Friedman MJ, Zatzick D, et al. Guideline watch (March 2009): Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. 2009. http://psychiatryonline.org/ (last accessed 7 October 2016).http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/acutestressdisorderptsd-watch.pdf[63]Australian Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health. Australian guidelines for the treatment of acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. 2013. http://phoenixaustralia.org/ (last accessed 7 October 2016).http://phoenixaustralia.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Phoenix-ASD-PTSD-Guidelines.pdf[74]Bisson JI, Roberts NP, Andrew M, et al. Psychological therapies for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(12):CD003388.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003388.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24338345?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Jonas DE, Cusack K, Forneris CA, et al. Psychological and pharmacological treatments for adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Comparative effectiveness review No. 92. AHRQ publication no. 13-EHC011-EF. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2013.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK137702/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23658937?tool=bestpractice.com症状的严重程度:有高质量的证据表明,以创伤为治疗靶点的认知行为疗法与眼动脱敏和再现同样有效,且在减少创伤后应激障碍的发生率方面比应激管理更有效。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
没有(或仅限于)从这种治疗中获益的的患者,应提供一种替代形式的以创伤为治疗靶点的心理治疗,或药物治疗。
有一些证据支持不以创伤为治疗靶点且基于认知行为疗法 (CBT) 的干预的益处。[74]Bisson JI, Roberts NP, Andrew M, et al. Psychological therapies for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(12):CD003388.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003388.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24338345?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Markowitz JC, Petkova E, Neria Y, et al. Is exposure necessary? A randomized clinical trial of interpersonal psychotherapy for PTSD. Am J Psychiatry. 2015;172:430-440.http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14070908http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25677355?tool=bestpractice.com但这方面的证据不及创伤为重点的认知行为疗法或眼动脱敏和再现疗法。在对尚未准备好接受以创伤为治疗靶点的干预或不可能接受这类干预的 PTSD 患者进行治疗时,不以创伤为治疗靶点的心理干预(如认知行为疗法 (CBT) 和人际关系心理治疗)在治疗中可能有特殊作用。[74]Bisson JI, Roberts NP, Andrew M, et al. Psychological therapies for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(12):CD003388.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003388.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24338345?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Jonas DE, Cusack K, Forneris CA, et al. Psychological and pharmacological treatments for adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Comparative effectiveness review No. 92. AHRQ publication no. 13-EHC011-EF. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2013.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK137702/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23658937?tool=bestpractice.com
创伤为治疗靶点的认知行为治疗 (TFCBT)
如果治疗在创伤后的第一个月内启动,较短的干预(即 5 次)就可能是有效的。否则,当创伤后应激障碍起源于单一的事件,治疗时间一般应在 8 到 12 次。
若疗持续时间超出了 12 次,应考虑是否需要解决几个问题。这更可能是创伤性丧亲之痛,或多个创伤事件,由于创伤导致慢性残疾,并存在严重的伴发疾病或社会问题。在这种情况下,稳定的工作或干预,以帮助调节情绪和人际关系需要在以创伤为治疗靶点的治疗实施之前展开。
治疗应该规律和定期进行(即,通常至少每周一次),当治疗晤谈中对创伤进行了讨论,那么较长的晤谈(例如,90 分钟)常常是有必要的。治疗的最初阶段想让当事人透露自己的创伤性事件的细节是很困难的。在这种情况下,可能需要通过多次晤谈建立一个信任的治疗关系和处理创伤事件之前稳定的情绪,或者考虑采取非创伤为治疗靶点的认知行为治疗进行干预。
眼动脱敏再现疗法 (EMDR)
基于理论认为,创伤受害者经历不正常的侵入症状,情绪和身体的感觉,是由于在内隐记忆不恰当的存储创伤性事件。
EMDR 程序是基于激发人自身的信息处理以帮助整合靶事件和与事件相适应的情境记忆。当被治疗者注意到刺激的双重物理属性时,他便更倾向于记忆和关注刺激物理属性的关联(例如,眼球运动,声音的节奏和音调)治疗。程序的大部分与 TFCBT 的重复。认知治疗的同时,将以积极的认知代替与创伤有关的负性认知。
当创伤后应激障碍起源于单一的事件,治疗时间一般应在 8 到 12 次。若疗持续时间超出了 12 次,应考虑是否需要解决几个问题。这更可能是创伤性丧亲之痛,或多个创伤事件,由于创伤导致慢性残疾,并存在严重的伴发疾病或社会问题。在这种情况下,稳定的工作或干预,以帮助调节情绪和人际关系需要在以创伤为治疗靶点的治疗实施之前展开。
认知行为治疗 (CBT)
治疗重叠
由于各种心理干预治疗方案在方法和技术上有相当大的重叠,因此应该如何将这些心理治疗进行分类并没有共识。[57]Benedek DM, Friedman MJ, Zatzick D, et al. Guideline watch (March 2009): Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. 2009. http://psychiatryonline.org/ (last accessed 7 October 2016).http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/acutestressdisorderptsd-watch.pdf认知行为治疗 (CBT) 借鉴了心理学模型描述的理论,情感和行为之间的关系。它采用了一系列旨在通过改变思维,信仰,和/或行为减少痛苦的情绪治疗技术。这种方法已被证明对一系列心理健康问题是有效的,并在最近几年,已经开发了用于特定病症的具体方案。如果它主要集中在创伤记忆和它的意义,治疗被视为以创伤为治疗靶点的认知行为疗法 (TFCBT);因此,基于暴露的认知行为治疗如认知加工治疗和长时间暴露疗法被创伤为治疗靶点的认知行为疗法 (TFCBT) 所涵盖。
TFCBT 和应激管理之间有一些重叠的处理技术。在 TFCBT,PTSD 患者有时接受应激管理策略的培训;同样,随着 TFCBT 认知要素叠加,应激管理可能在以后的晤谈中涉及的创伤事件进行讨论。
没有任何强有力的证据证明其他形式的心理治疗(催眠疗法、心理动力学疗法或系统性心理治疗症状的严重程度:有劣质证据表明催眠疗法或心理动力学治疗可能比单纯的治疗等待更有利于症状的缓解。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。)对 PTSD 有极为重要的临床疗效。[57]Benedek DM, Friedman MJ, Zatzick D, et al. Guideline watch (March 2009): Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. 2009. http://psychiatryonline.org/ (last accessed 7 October 2016).http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/acutestressdisorderptsd-watch.pdf[63]Australian Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health. Australian guidelines for the treatment of acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. 2013. http://phoenixaustralia.org/ (last accessed 7 October 2016).http://phoenixaustralia.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Phoenix-ASD-PTSD-Guidelines.pdf[73]Ponniah K, Hollon SD. Empirically supported psychological treatments for adult acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder: a review. Depress Anxiety. 2009;26:1086-1109.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19957280?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Bisson JI, Roberts NP, Andrew M, et al. Psychological therapies for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(12):CD003388.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003388.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24338345?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Roberts N, Kitchiner NJ, Kenardy J, et al. Early psychological interventions to treat acute traumatic stress symptoms. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(3):CD007944.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20238359?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Jonas DE, Cusack K, Forneris CA, et al. Psychological and pharmacological treatments for adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Comparative effectiveness review No. 92. AHRQ publication no. 13-EHC011-EF. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2013.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK137702/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23658937?tool=bestpractice.com不过,有一些新的证据证明,以现在为中心的疗法(如支持性疗法/非指导性疗法)可能对 PTSD 患者有好处,虽然它们的效果不如以创伤为治疗靶点的干预好。[79]Frost ND, Laska KM, Wampold BE. The evidence for present-centered therapy as a treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress. 2014;27:1-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24515534?tool=bestpractice.com症状严重程度:有中等质量的证据表明,在治疗 PTSD 方面,以现在为中心的疗法比现有循证疗法更有效。[79]Frost ND, Laska KM, Wampold BE. The evidence for present-centered therapy as a treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress. 2014;27:1-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24515534?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。没有足够的证据支持或反对联用心理和药物治疗。[80]Hetrick SE, Purcell R, Garner B, et al. Combined pharmacotherapy and psychological therapies for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(7):CD007316.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20614457?tool=bestpractice.com
药物治疗
抗抑郁药可减轻创伤后应激障碍的核心症状,同样是减轻相关的抑郁和残疾的一种有效的治疗方法。[81]Stein DJ, Ipser JC, Seedat S. Pharmacotherapy for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(1):CD002795.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16437445?tool=bestpractice.com然而,由于缺乏随机对照试验的系统评价,应在创伤为治疗靶点的心理治疗后考虑采取药物治疗,或在以下几种情况:[57]Benedek DM, Friedman MJ, Zatzick D, et al. Guideline watch (March 2009): Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. 2009. http://psychiatryonline.org/ (last accessed 7 October 2016).http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/acutestressdisorderptsd-watch.pdf[63]Australian Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health. Australian guidelines for the treatment of acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. 2013. http://phoenixaustralia.org/ (last accessed 7 October 2016).http://phoenixaustralia.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Phoenix-ASD-PTSD-Guidelines.pdf[64]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Post-traumatic stress disorder: management. March 2005. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 7 October 2016).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG26[82]Bartzokis G, Lu PH, Turner J, et al. Adjunctive risperidone in the treatment of chronic combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57:474-479.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15737661?tool=bestpractice.com[83]Berger W, Mendlowicz MV, Marques-Portella C, et al. Pharmacologic alternatives to antidepressants in posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009;33:169-180.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2720612/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19141307?tool=bestpractice.com
当患者表达了倾向于不采取创伤为治疗靶点的心理治疗,或因为创伤持续严重威胁无法启动心理治疗(例如,正在遭受的家庭暴力)。
对于无效或无法忍受以创伤为治疗靶点的心理治疗一个疗程的患者
当缺乏有效的心理治疗
可以作为成年人心理治疗的一种辅助,当伴发抑郁或严重高唤起症状,显著影响患者从心理治疗中受益的能力时。
选择性 5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂 (SSRIs) 作为一类能减轻创伤后应激障碍症状严重程度的药物,优于安慰剂,但效应较小。[84]Hoskins M, Pearce J, Bethell A, et al. Pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2015;206:93-100.http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/206/2/93.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25644881?tool=bestpractice.com然而,这一类药物不同个体的药理作用存在显著的差异,这支持了以前荟萃分析的观察,即该类药物并不具有完全一致的效应。[77]Jonas DE, Cusack K, Forneris CA, et al. Psychological and pharmacological treatments for adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Comparative effectiveness review No. 92. AHRQ publication no. 13-EHC011-EF. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2013.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK137702/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23658937?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Stein DJ, Ipser JC, Seedat S. Pharmacotherapy for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(1):CD002795.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16437445?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Hoskins M, Pearce J, Bethell A, et al. Pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2015;206:93-100.http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/206/2/93.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25644881?tool=bestpractice.com
对于适用于单一制剂药物,存在最强有力的证据支持帕罗西汀、症状的严重程度:有高质量的证据表明,帕罗西汀比安慰剂能更有效的减轻症状的严重程度。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。氟西汀、舍曲林和文拉法辛(一种 5-羟色胺和去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂 [SNRI])的疗效。[64]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Post-traumatic stress disorder: management. March 2005. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 7 October 2016).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG26[77]Jonas DE, Cusack K, Forneris CA, et al. Psychological and pharmacological treatments for adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Comparative effectiveness review No. 92. AHRQ publication no. 13-EHC011-EF. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2013.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK137702/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23658937?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Stein DJ, Ipser JC, Seedat S. Pharmacotherapy for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(1):CD002795.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16437445?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Hoskins M, Pearce J, Bethell A, et al. Pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2015;206:93-100.http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/206/2/93.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25644881?tool=bestpractice.com[85]Watts BV, Schnurr PP, Mayo L, et al. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74:e541-e550.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23842024?tool=bestpractice.com三项单一随机对照试验证明了三环类抗抑郁药阿米替林、[86]Davidson J, Kudler H, Smith R, et al. Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with amitriptyline and placebo. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990:47:259-266.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2407208?tool=bestpractice.com症状的严重程度:有劣质证据表明,阿米替林比安慰剂能更有效的减轻症状的严重程度。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。单胺氧化酶抑制剂苯乙肼[87]Kosten TR, Frank JB, Dan E, et al. Pharmacotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder using phenelzine or imipramine. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1991;179:366-370.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2051152?tool=bestpractice.com症状的严重程度:有劣质证据表明,苯乙肼比安慰剂能更有效的减轻症状的严重程度。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。和新型的四环类抗抑郁药米氮平的疗效优于安慰剂。[88]Davidson JR, Weisler RH, Butterfield MI, et al. Mirtazapine vs. placebo in posttraumatic stress disorder: a pilot trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;53:188-191.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12547477?tool=bestpractice.com由于这些个别研究规模较小,他们可能会被视为二线(用药)选择。
国际指南和既往关于创伤后应激障碍药物治疗的荟萃分析并不完全一致。[77]Jonas DE, Cusack K, Forneris CA, et al. Psychological and pharmacological treatments for adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Comparative effectiveness review No. 92. AHRQ publication no. 13-EHC011-EF. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2013.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK137702/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23658937?tool=bestpractice.com[85]Watts BV, Schnurr PP, Mayo L, et al. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74:e541-e550.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23842024?tool=bestpractice.com
目前也没有足够的证据支持将奥氮平和利培酮用作单药治疗。[84]Hoskins M, Pearce J, Bethell A, et al. Pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2015;206:93-100.http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/206/2/93.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25644881?tool=bestpractice.com
如果个体对特定药物没有反应,可以考虑增加剂量(在批准的范围内),换为不同类别的药物,或与抗精神病药物如利培酮联用作为加强治疗。利培酮作为 SSRI 部分反应的创伤后应激障碍患者的强化治疗,已经显示出一些前景,[82]Bartzokis G, Lu PH, Turner J, et al. Adjunctive risperidone in the treatment of chronic combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57:474-479.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15737661?tool=bestpractice.com[89]Rothbaum BO, Killeen TK, Davidson JR, et al. Placebo-controlled trial of risperidone augmentation for selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor-resistant civilian posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69:520-525.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18278987?tool=bestpractice.com但一项针对退伍军人的更大规模的研究并未发现利培酮优于安慰剂。[90]Krystal JH, Rosenheck RA, Cramer JA, et al. Adjunctive risperidone treatment for antidepressant-resistant symptoms of chronic military service-related PTSD: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2011;306:493-502.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21813427?tool=bestpractice.com如果药物治疗有效,则在缓慢撤药前至少持续应用该药 12 个月,撤药通常需要为期 4 周,虽然有些患者可能需要一个更长的撤药周期。
孕妇或哺乳期妇女
心理干预是这些患者的首选治疗方法。药物治疗不推荐使用,因为药物在某种程度上对胎儿或婴儿的发育构成风险。
合并症的治疗
抑郁症:
当患者伴发创伤后应激障碍和抑郁症时,医疗保健专业人士应考虑首先治疗创伤后应激障碍,因为当创伤后应激障碍被成功治疗后抑郁症往往也有所改善。
如果抑郁症严重到使对创伤后应激障碍的心理治疗非常困难时(例如,极其缺乏活力、注意力不集中、少动或存在高自杀风险时),应首先治疗抑郁症。
当评估确定患者具有高的自杀或伤人风险时,医疗专业人士应该首先专注于管理这种风险。
酒精或药物滥用:
由于酒精或药物使用或依赖可能会显著干扰有效的治疗,应首先治疗药物或酒精问题。有些证据表明,创伤聚焦心理治疗联合对物质使用障碍的辅助干预可能有效。[91]Roberts NP, Roberts PA, Jones N, et al. Psychological therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder and comorbid substance use disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(4):CD010204.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010204.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27040448?tool=bestpractice.com [
]In people with post-traumatic stress disorder and comorbid substance use disorder, how do psychological therapies affect outcomes?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.1428/full显示答案
人格障碍:
精神病
有证据表明,当前 PTSD 伴精神类疾病的患者可以从以创伤为治疗靶点的认知行为疗法 (TFCBT) 或眼动心身重建法 (EMDR) 治疗中获益。[92]van den Berg DP, de Bont PA, van der Vleugel, et al. Prolonged exposure vs eye movement desensitization and reprocessing vs waiting list for posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with a psychotic disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72:259-267.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25607833?tool=bestpractice.com
悲伤:
专科转诊
在考虑是否需要专科治疗时,医护专业人员应该铭记这一原则,那就是所有的治疗应基于心理教育,由称职的且经过适当培训的人员来实施,这些人员接受适当的监督。如果这些条件不到位,建议专科转诊。
其他情况下,如由于存在合并症而临床表现复杂,例如,合并严重抑郁症或酒精/药物依赖,建议专科转诊。认为存在自杀、自伤或伤人的显著风险以及医疗资源不足以有效管理这些风险时,也建议专科转诊。