严重过敏反应

如果怀疑对某一药物有过敏反应，且出现呼吸困难或皮肤隆起斑丘疹，建议患者立即联系急救。

将患者转诊至变态反应/免疫专科医师处，这为患者准备在社区进行自我治疗、证实严重过敏性反应的触发因素、避免变应原和免疫调节的相关教育中起非常重要的作用。[44]Simons FE, Ardusso LR, Bilò MB, et al. 2012 Update: World Allergy Organization Guidelines for the assessment and management of anaphylaxis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;12:389-399.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22744267?tool=bestpractice.com

必须尝试识别致敏性变应原，建议患者避免该物质，并携带 2 支肾上腺素自动注射器，以预防变应原暴露后出现危险结局。[6]Lieberman P, Nicklas RA, Randolph C, et al. Anaphylaxis: a practice parameter update 2015. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2015;115:341-384.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26505932?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Adrenaline auto-injectors: updated advice after European review. August 2017. https://www.gov.uk (last accessed 18 August 2017).https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/adrenaline-auto-injectors-updated-advice-after-european-review

美国儿科学会 (American Academy of Pediatrics) 推荐针对存在严重过敏反应风险的儿童提供书面急救计划。[72]Wang J, Sicherer SH. Guidance on completing a written allergy and anaphylaxis emergency plan. Pediatrics. 2017;139: e20164005.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/139/3/e20164005.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28193793?tool=bestpractice.comAmerican Academy of Pediatrics: allergy and anaphylaxis emergency plan