针对经选择患者组全部患者的治疗推荐
第一选择
肾上腺素
:
儿童:0.01 mg/kg(以 1:1000 溶液形式),肌肉注射,5-15 分钟一次,最高 0.3 mg/剂;成人:0.3 - 0.5 mg(以 1:1000 溶液形式),肌肉注射,5-15 分钟一次
立即给予充足剂量的肾上腺素,将会降低患者死亡率和并发症发病率。[14]Sampson HA, Mendelson L, Rosen JP. Fatal and near-fatal anaphylactic reactions to food in children and adolescents. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:380-384.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1294076?tool=bestpractice.com所有有全身反应表现的患者(尤其是低血压、气道肿胀或呼吸困难),均应立即在股前外侧给予肾上腺素肌肉注射。[61]Singletary EM, Charlton NP, Epstein JL, et al; International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation First Aid Task Force. 2015 American Heart Association and American Red Cross guidelines update for first aid. Circulation. 2015;132(18 suppl 2):s574-s589.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/132/18_suppl_2/S574#sec-10http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26473003?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Dinakar, C. Anaphylaxis in children: Current understanding and key issues in diagnosis and treatment. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2012;12:641-649.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11882-012-0284-1/fulltext.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22815131?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Sicherer SH, Simons FE. Epinephrine for first-aid management of anaphylaxis. Pediatrics. 2017;139:e20164006.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/139/3/e20164006.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28193791?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Sicherer SH, Leung DY. Advances in allergic skin disease, anaphylaxis, and hypersensitivity reactions to foods, drugs, and insects in 2014. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135:357-367.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25662305?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Sheikh A, Simons FE, Barbour V, et al. Adrenaline auto-injectors for the treatment of anaphylaxis with and without cardiovascular collapse in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(8):CD008935.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008935.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22895980?tool=bestpractice.com减轻全身症状:较低质量的证据证明,肾上腺素对减轻严重过敏反应的全身症状有效。一项 Cochrane 综述发现,并无有关肾上腺素在严重过敏反应中获益的前瞻性对照试验。不过,根据专家的共识和间接的观察数据,综述的作者以及所有其他指南均建议将肾上腺素作为严重过敏反应的一线治疗药物。[66]Sheikh A, Shehata YA, Brown SG, et al. Adrenaline for the treatment of anaphylaxis: Cochrane systematic review. Allergy. 2009;64:204-212.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01926.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19178399?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Sheikh A, Shehata YA, Brown-Simon GA, et al. Adrenaline (epinephrine) for the treatment of anaphylaxis with and without shock. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(4):CD006312.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006312.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18843712?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
可以根据需要每 5 – 15 分钟重复给药一次。[1]Lieberman P, Kemp SF, Oppenheimer J, et al. The diagnosis and management of anaphylaxis: an updated practice parameter. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115(3 Suppl 2):S483-S523.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15753926?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Sampson HA, Muñoz-Furlong A, Campbell RL, et al. Second symposium on the definition and management of anaphylaxis: summary report - second National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network symposium. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117:391-397.http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749%2805%2902723-5/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16461139?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Sampson HA, Mendelson L, Rosen JP. Fatal and near-fatal anaphylactic reactions to food in children and adolescents. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:380-384.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1294076?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Brown SG. Cardiovascular aspects of anaphylaxis: implications for treatment and diagnosis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;5:359-364.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15985820?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Pumphrey RS, Stanworth SJ. The clinical spectrum of anaphylaxis in north-west England. Clin Exp Allergy. 1996;26:1364-1370.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9027436?tool=bestpractice.com股前外侧优于三角肌肌肉注射或皮下注射。[69]Simons FE, Gu X, Simons KJ. Epinephrine absorption in adults: intramuscular versus subcutaneous injection. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108:871-873.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11692118?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Simons FE, Roberts JR, Gu X, et al. Epinephrine absorption in children with a history of anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;101:33-37.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9449498?tool=bestpractice.com
在任何严重过敏反应发作后,必须对这些患者开具 2 支肾上腺素自动注射器的处方。[6]Lieberman P, Nicklas RA, Randolph C, et al. Anaphylaxis: a practice parameter update 2015. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2015;115:341-384.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26505932?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Adrenaline auto-injectors: updated advice after European review. August 2017. https://www.gov.uk (last accessed 18 August 2017).https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/adrenaline-auto-injectors-updated-advice-after-european-review患者或照护者应随时携带这 2 支注射器,并熟悉如何使用。[63]Sicherer SH, Simons FE. Epinephrine for first-aid management of anaphylaxis. Pediatrics. 2017;139:e20164006.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/139/3/e20164006.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28193791?tool=bestpractice.com对于有严重过敏反应风险的儿童,应开具肾上腺素自动注射器处方,并提供个体化的书面急救计划。[63]Sicherer SH, Simons FE. Epinephrine for first-aid management of anaphylaxis. Pediatrics. 2017;139:e20164006.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/139/3/e20164006.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28193791?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Wang J, Sicherer SH. Guidance on completing a written allergy and anaphylaxis emergency plan. Pediatrics. 2017;139: e20164005.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/139/3/e20164005.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28193793?tool=bestpractice.comAmerican Academy of Pediatrics: allergy and anaphylaxis emergency plan