应在所有围产期妇女中常规筛查抑郁。[44]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antenatal and postnatal mental health: clinical management and service guidance. June 2015. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 21 October 2016).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg192[46]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Obstetric Practice. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee Opinion no. 630. Screening for perinatal depression. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;125:1268-1271.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25932866?tool=bestpractice.com产后抑郁症多在单相抑郁的背景下发作。然而,患双相情感障碍的女性在生产后发作情绪障碍很常见,且一小部分产后抑郁症发作是双相的。
可疑的轻中度抑郁可在初级保健机构评估和治疗。治疗无效时患者可能需要转诊精神专科。然而,当患者存在自伤或伤害孩子的风险时,或怀疑存在产后精神病、躁狂或混合发作时,进行紧急精神科评估是必要的。[1]Musters C, McDonald E, Jones I. Management of postnatal depression. BMJ. 2008;337:a736.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18689433?tool=bestpractice.com在该种情况下医师考虑使儿童及青少年服务机构参与进来。[1]Musters C, McDonald E, Jones I. Management of postnatal depression. BMJ. 2008;337:a736.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18689433?tool=bestpractice.com
症状表现
产后抑郁症妇女可能只联系非专业人士,故而所有接触到怀孕和产后妇女的健康工作者应能识别该病。[1]Musters C, McDonald E, Jones I. Management of postnatal depression. BMJ. 2008;337:a736.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18689433?tool=bestpractice.com临床工作者应明确地询问最近是否情绪低落、无价值感、对未来的无望感,以及生物学症状诸如严重失眠、食欲缺乏、体重减轻。[1]Musters C, McDonald E, Jones I. Management of postnatal depression. BMJ. 2008;337:a736.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18689433?tool=bestpractice.com[46]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Obstetric Practice. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee Opinion no. 630. Screening for perinatal depression. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;125:1268-1271.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25932866?tool=bestpractice.com
患者既往可能存在心境低落、快感缺乏、体重变化、睡眠异常、精神运动问题、精力不足、过度内疚、丧失信心或自尊、注意力不集中或自杀观念。[47]Gelenberg AJ, Freeman MP, Markowitz JC, et al; American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder, 3rd ed. November 2010. http://www.psychiatryonline.com/ (last accessed 21 October 2016).http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/mdd.pdf情绪低落的程度对该个体而言达到异常,在一天中大多数时间出现,且很大程度上不受环境影响。
区分产后抑郁症与轻度情绪失调(产后忧郁或“婴儿忧郁”)是重要的,因为轻度情绪失调不需要治疗。患轻度情绪失调的妇女典型表现为:情绪在欣快和沮丧之间的波动、失眠、泪痕淋漓、哭泣、易激惹、焦虑和注意力下降。[4]Heron J, Haque S, Oyebode F, et al. A longitudinal study of hypomania and depression symptoms in pregnancy and the postpartum period. Bipolar Disord. 2009;11:410-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19500094?tool=bestpractice.com症状在产后第2至3天出现,在第5天达到高峰,并在2周内缓解。
任何精神病性症状都会很大地增加自伤及伤害婴儿的风险,特别是与婴儿相关的妄想或幻觉。产后精神病的核心特征是分娩后一段时期内急性发作的躁狂性或抑郁性精神病性症状。产后精神病是精神科急症,并会很快进展到相当严重的程度。
筛查工具
布罗姆利产后抑郁症量表(BPDS),[48]Stein G, Van Den Akker O. The retrospective diagnosis of postnatal depression by questionnaire. J Psychosom Res. 1992;36:67-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1538351?tool=bestpractice.com爱丁堡产后抑郁症量表(EPDS),[49]Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression: development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry. 1987;150:782-786.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3651732?tool=bestpractice.com与产后抑郁症筛查量表(PDSS)[50]Beck CT, Gable RK. Postpartum Depression Screening Scale: development and psychometric testing. Nurs Res. 2000;49:272-282.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11009122?tool=bestpractice.com都是自我报告式的用于筛查产后抑郁症的工具。其中EPDS得到最多研究。它在全世界被广泛用作产后妇女的心理测量测试。截点的敏感性和特异性在不同的研究间异质性明显。敏感性范围从34%到100%,特异性从44%到100%。[51]Gibson J, McKenzie-McHarg K, Shakespeare J, et al. A systematic review of studies validating the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in antepartum and postpartum women. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2009;119:350-364.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01363.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19298573?tool=bestpractice.com截点分>12分的阳性预测值为57%,阴性预测值为99%。
其他工具,如Beck抑郁量表[52]Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, et al. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1961;4:561-571.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13688369?tool=bestpractice.com可能有意义但仍需进一步研究。[53]Boyd RC, Le HN, Somberg R. Review of screening instruments for postpartum depression. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2005;8:141-153.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16133785?tool=bestpractice.com这些筛查工具应被用于识别需进一步临床评估的妇女。
英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所[44]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antenatal and postnatal mental health: clinical management and service guidance. June 2015. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 21 October 2016).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg192建议医疗保健专业人员(包括助产士、产科医生、保健访视员、全科医生)在女性第一次联系初级保健服务时、第一次产前就诊时和产后(分娩后第一年)问以下 2 个问题以便发现可能的抑郁症:
如果女性对任何一个初始问题回答“是”,则存在出现心理健康问题的风险,或有临床问题,应考虑:
使用爱丁堡产后抑郁症量表 (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, EPDS) 或
使用患者健康问卷 (PHQ-9) 作为全面评估的一部分或
将女性转诊至其 GP,或如果怀疑存在重度心理健康问题,则将其转诊至心理健康专家。[44]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antenatal and postnatal mental health: clinical management and service guidance. June 2015. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 21 October 2016).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg192
美国指南强调定期评估患者抑郁的重要性,但没有就患者应如何筛查、何种工具应被使用提供一个明确的建议。[46]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Obstetric Practice. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee Opinion no. 630. Screening for perinatal depression. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;125:1268-1271.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25932866?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Siu AL; US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), Bibbins-Domingo K, et al. Screening for depression in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2016;315:380-387.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2484345http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26813211?tool=bestpractice.com
澳大利亚指南专家咨询委员会建议把EPDS作为对所有产前和产后时期妇女进行抑郁症状评估的一部分。[55]Austin MP, Highet N; Guidelines Expert Advisory Committee. Clinical practice guidelines for depression and related disorders – anxiety, bipolar disorder and puerperal psychosis – in the perinatal period. A guideline for primary care health professionals. Melbourne: beyondblue: the national depression initiative; 2011.http://www.adelaide.edu.au/arch/guidelinedevelopment/perinatalmentalhealth/Beyondblue.PDF
在使用筛选工具时,应考虑受试母亲的文化背景。[56]Zubaran C, Schumacher M, Roxo MR, et al. Screening tools for postpartum depression: validity and cultural dimensions. Afr J Psychiatry (Johannesbg). 2010;13:357-365.http://www.ajop.co.za/Journals/November2010/Review%20artlces/Screening%20tools%20for%20depression.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21390406?tool=bestpractice.com
评估自伤和/或伤害婴儿的风险
当探讨情绪低落的症状时,明确地询问妇女是否觉得活着没有意义,她是否曾经想过伤害孩子,这些问题使临床医生能够评估最严重的风险。没有证据表明提出这些问题会增加妇女自伤或自杀的风险。[1]Musters C, McDonald E, Jones I. Management of postnatal depression. BMJ. 2008;337:a736.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18689433?tool=bestpractice.com与婴儿的联结受损、缺乏对婴儿的依恋感、麻木感都是需要考虑的重要方面。产后抑郁症会影响母婴联结。
表达对伤害婴儿的恐惧,可能是焦虑的表现,而非真正的意图,但应进一步评估。[55]Austin MP, Highet N; Guidelines Expert Advisory Committee. Clinical practice guidelines for depression and related disorders – anxiety, bipolar disorder and puerperal psychosis – in the perinatal period. A guideline for primary care health professionals. Melbourne: beyondblue: the national depression initiative; 2011.http://www.adelaide.edu.au/arch/guidelinedevelopment/perinatalmentalhealth/Beyondblue.PDF
有证据表明产后抑郁症与强迫症状之间存在关联,特别是伤害新生儿这种不必要的侵入性的想法。[57]Abramowitz JS, Schwartz SA, Moore KM, et al. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in pregnancy and the puerperium: a review of the literature. J Anxiety Disord. 2003;17:461-478.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12826092?tool=bestpractice.com一项针对37例患产后抑郁症妇女的研究显示,57%报告有强迫性思维,其中95%有攻击性思维。最常见的攻击性思维是伤害她们的新生儿或婴儿。强迫思维或强迫的存在与否、数量都与抑郁发作的严重程度无关。[58]Wisner KL, Peindl KS, Gigliotti T, et al. Obsessions and compulsions in women with postpartum depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60:176-180.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10192593?tool=bestpractice.com另一项研究报道中,41%的产后抑郁症的妇女存在攻击性的强迫思维,5%对孩子施行了攻击行为。
然而也必须指出,在无抑郁的产后妇女有6.5%存在攻击性思维。[59]Jennings KD, Ross S, Popper S, et al. Thoughts of harming infants in depressed and nondepressed mothers. J Affect Disord. 1999;54:21-28.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10403143?tool=bestpractice.com
一项研究称4%的发作存在精神病性症状。[60]Cooper C, Jones L, Dunn E, et al. Clinical presentation of postnatal and non-postnatal depressive episodes. Psychol Med. 2007;37:1273-1280.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17349101?tool=bestpractice.com包括幻觉、妄想、思维障碍、自知力缺乏。这些症状极大地增加自伤及伤害婴儿的风险,特别是与婴儿相关的妄想或幻觉。
自杀风险评估涉及对自杀观念和自杀意图程度的调查,[55]Austin MP, Highet N; Guidelines Expert Advisory Committee. Clinical practice guidelines for depression and related disorders – anxiety, bipolar disorder and puerperal psychosis – in the perinatal period. A guideline for primary care health professionals. Melbourne: beyondblue: the national depression initiative; 2011.http://www.adelaide.edu.au/arch/guidelinedevelopment/perinatalmentalhealth/Beyondblue.PDFAustralian Department of Health and Ageing: living is for everyone包括:
自杀观念:如果存在自杀观念,它们的频率和持续性如何?
计划:如果该名女性有自杀计划,它的具体性和可实施性如何?
致死性:该名女性选择何种方式自杀,该方式致命性如何?
手段:该名女性是否有落实自杀方式的手段?
还应考虑到:
无论何时进行妇女自杀风险评估,应询问婴儿的风险。
筛查共病躁狂和轻躁狂
漏诊双相情感障碍的后果会非常严重,因为抗抑郁药治疗可能诱发躁狂、混合状态、快速循环,故而增加精神专科住院治疗的可能。[8]Sharma V, Burt VK, Ritchie HL. Bipolar II postpartum depression: detection, diagnosis, and treatment. Am J Psychiatry. 2009;166:1217-1221.http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08121902http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19884236?tool=bestpractice.com患产后抑郁症的妇女应常规筛查躁狂或轻躁狂史。[8]Sharma V, Burt VK, Ritchie HL. Bipolar II postpartum depression: detection, diagnosis, and treatment. Am J Psychiatry. 2009;166:1217-1221.http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08121902http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19884236?tool=bestpractice.com
筛查应包括询问双相情感障碍家族史。非典型症状(DSM-IV标准)、[61]American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition, text revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.思维加快、抑郁发作伴精神病性症状应怀疑双相情感障碍的可能。[8]Sharma V, Burt VK, Ritchie HL. Bipolar II postpartum depression: detection, diagnosis, and treatment. Am J Psychiatry. 2009;166:1217-1221.http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08121902http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19884236?tool=bestpractice.com在产后第1个月第1次就诊精神科的妇女中,约14%在未来15年内诊断双相情感障碍,此比例在第1次精神科就诊与分娩无关的妇女中仅为4%。[9]Munk-Olsen T, Laursen TM, Meltzer-Brody S, et al. Psychiatric disorders with postpartum onset: possible early manifestations of bipolar affective disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69:428-434.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22147807?tool=bestpractice.com
除了询问既往情绪高涨及相关症状,也可以使用量表。Highs量表是一个检查产后轻躁狂特性的自评量表。约有10%妇女在产后头5d有轻躁狂体验。产后3d内Highs评分8分或更高,与产后抑郁症相关。[28]Glover V, Liddle P, Taylor A, et al. Mild hypomania (the highs) can be a feature of the first postpartum week: association with later depression. Br J Psychiatry. 1994;164:517-521.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8038942?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Chessick CA, Dimidjian S. Screening for bipolar disorder during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2010;13:233-248.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20198393?tool=bestpractice.com其他在一般人群中筛查双相情感障碍的自评工具包括Altman躁狂自评量表(ASRM),[63]Altman EG, Hedeker D, Peterson JL, et al. The Altman self-rating mania scale. Biol Psychiatry. 1997;42:948-955.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9359982?tool=bestpractice.com情绪障碍问卷(MDQ),[64]Hirschfeld RM, Williams JB, Spitzer RL, et al. Development and validation of a screening instrument for bipolar spectrum disorder: the Mood Disorder Questionnaire. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:1873-1875.http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.11.1873http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11058490?tool=bestpractice.com以及抑郁急性筛选评估(SAD-P)。[65]Solomon DA, Leon AC, Maser JD, et al. Distinguishing bipolar major depression from unipolar major depression with the screening assessment of depression-polarity (SAD-P). J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67:434-442.http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.11.1873http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16649831?tool=bestpractice.com尽管没有筛选工具被明确证明有绝对优越性,[62]Chessick CA, Dimidjian S. Screening for bipolar disorder during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2010;13:233-248.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20198393?tool=bestpractice.comMDQ[8]Sharma V, Burt VK, Ritchie HL. Bipolar II postpartum depression: detection, diagnosis, and treatment. Am J Psychiatry. 2009;166:1217-1221.http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08121902http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19884236?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Chessick CA, Dimidjian S. Screening for bipolar disorder during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2010;13:233-248.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20198393?tool=bestpractice.com和Highs[62]Chessick CA, Dimidjian S. Screening for bipolar disorder during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2010;13:233-248.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20198393?tool=bestpractice.com是在围产期群体研究中最为有效的工具。MDQ整合了所有其他量表包含的相关信息,此外还包括对激越和冲动行为的评估。
诊断标准
产后抑郁症的术语或概念均未出现在以下两个主要诊断系统中:美国精神病学会的精神障碍诊断与统计手册 (DSM) 和世界卫生组织的国际疾病分类 (ICD)。
DSM-5 发布于 2013 年 5 月。[2]American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed., (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.http://dsm.psychiatryonline.org/book.aspx?bookid=556与以前的版本 DSM-IV 一致,[61]American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition, text revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.DSM-5 不将产后抑郁症看作一种独立诊断;而是患者必须同时满足严重抑郁发作标准和围产期起病特征标准。DSM-IV的产后发生标注在DSM-5中被改变。[2]American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed., (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.http://dsm.psychiatryonline.org/book.aspx?bookid=556[61]American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition, text revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.现在被称为“伴围产期发生”,包括在孕期及分娩后4周的发作。因此,DSM-5不区分孕期抑郁症和产后抑郁症。
DSM-5重性抑郁障碍诊断标准如下:
a)在同一个2周时期内,9个症状(至少1项是抑郁心境和丧失兴趣或愉悦感)中存在5个或更多,每项症状表现为既往功能的改变,并且在几乎每天都出现:
b)症状引起临床意义的痛苦或功能损害。
c)症状的发作不能归因于某种物质或躯体问题。
d)发作不能用精神病性障碍更好地解释。
e)既往无躁狂或轻躁狂发作。若(轻)躁狂发作是由物质所致或归因于其他躯体疾病,则e)条款不适用。
体格检查
躯体检查要评估患者的总体情况,但不能发现抑郁的特征性表现。大多数患者有抑郁的情绪表现。[47]Gelenberg AJ, Freeman MP, Markowitz JC, et al; American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder, 3rd ed. November 2010. http://www.psychiatryonline.com/ (last accessed 21 October 2016).http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/mdd.pdf经常与抑郁症混淆的疾病可能被识别(例如,甲状腺功能减退症)。误诊的后果可能威胁生命。[66]Gerace C, Corsi FM, Comanducci G. Apathetic syndrome from carotid dissection: a dangerous condition. BMJ Case Rep. 2013;2013. pii: bcr2013009686.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24000207?tool=bestpractice.com皮肤的检查可发现损伤的疤痕、自伤或药物使用。
检查
关于应常规做何种检查无具体指南。不需要通过检查诊断产后抑郁症。安排何种检查应有明确的理由,且应单独考虑患者的个体情况。[47]Gelenberg AJ, Freeman MP, Markowitz JC, et al; American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder, 3rd ed. November 2010. http://www.psychiatryonline.com/ (last accessed 21 October 2016).http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/mdd.pdf可能做的检查是: