产后抑郁症是一种被低估的疾病。[44]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antenatal and postnatal mental health: clinical management and service guidance. June 2015. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 21 October 2016).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg192
布罗姆利产后抑郁症量表(BPDS),[48]Stein G, Van Den Akker O. The retrospective diagnosis of postnatal depression by questionnaire. J Psychosom Res. 1992;36:67-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1538351?tool=bestpractice.com爱丁堡产后抑郁症量表(EPDS),[49]Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression: development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry. 1987;150:782-786.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3651732?tool=bestpractice.com与产后抑郁症筛查量表(PDSS)[50]Beck CT, Gable RK. Postpartum Depression Screening Scale: development and psychometric testing. Nurs Res. 2000;49:272-282.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11009122?tool=bestpractice.com都是自我报告式的用于筛查产后抑郁症的工具。EPDS已被广泛研究。其他工具,如Beck抑郁量表[52]Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, et al. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1961;4:561-571.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13688369?tool=bestpractice.com可能有意义但仍需进一步研究。[53]Boyd RC, Le HN, Somberg R. Review of screening instruments for postpartum depression. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2005;8:141-153.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16133785?tool=bestpractice.com这些筛查工具应被用于识别需进一步临床评估的妇女。
美国妇产科医师产科学院委员会[46]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Obstetric Practice. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee Opinion no. 630. Screening for perinatal depression. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;125:1268-1271.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25932866?tool=bestpractice.com认为没有足够证据来建议普遍的产前或产后筛查。
英国国家审查委员会也找不到足够的证据支持任何全国性的产后抑郁症筛查项目。UK National Screening Committee: postnatal depression然而,英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所[44]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antenatal and postnatal mental health: clinical management and service guidance. June 2015. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 21 October 2016).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg192建议医疗保健专业人员(包括助产士、产科医生、健康视察员、全科医生)在女性第一次联系初级保健服务时、预约访视时和产后(分娩后第一年)问以下 2 个问题以便发现可能的抑郁症:
如果女性对任何一个初始问题回答“是”,则存在出现心理健康问题的风险,或有临床问题,应考虑:
使用爱丁堡产后抑郁症量表 (EPDS) 或
使用患者健康问卷 (PHQ-9) 作为全面评估的一部分或
将女性转诊至其 GP,或如果怀疑存在重度心理健康问题,则将其转诊至心理健康专家。[44]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antenatal and postnatal mental health: clinical management and service guidance. June 2015. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 21 October 2016).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg192
有建议指出,应至少在入院时和产后(分娩后第一年)询问抑郁症状。[41]Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Management of perinatal mood disorders. March 2012. http://www.sign.ac.uk (last accessed 21 October 2016).http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign127.pdf有证据表明筛查妊娠和产后女性(有或无额外的治疗相关支持)可降低抑郁风险。[72]O'Connor E, Rossom RC, Henninger M, et al. Primary care screening for and treatment of depression in pregnant and postpartum women: evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2016;315:388-406.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2484344http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26813212?tool=bestpractice.com对于既往或目前存在重度抑郁障碍的高风险女性,应在每次来访时询问抑郁症状。[41]Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Management of perinatal mood disorders. March 2012. http://www.sign.ac.uk (last accessed 21 October 2016).http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign127.pdf