队列研究显示,虽然有些患者会自行缓解,但银屑病性关节炎可能随时间推移而变为多关节型,并形成侵蚀性变化。[19]Gladman DD, Hing EN, Schentag CT, et al. Remission in psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2001;28:1045-1048.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11361187?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Kane D, Stafford L, Bresnihan B, et al. A prospective, clinical and radiological study of early psoriatic arthritis: an early synovitis clinic experience. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2003;42:1460-1468.http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/content/42/12/1460.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14523223?tool=bestpractice.com 多发性关节炎形式的初始发作与显著病情进展和预后不良相关,呈指趾炎表现。[21]Queiro-Silva R, Torre-Alonso JC, Tinture-Eguren T, et al. A polyarticular onset predicts erosive and deforming disease in psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62:68-70.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1754292/pdf/v062p00068.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12480674?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Brockbank JE, Stein M, Schentag CT, et al. Dactylitis in psoriatic arthritis: a marker for disease severity? Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64:188-190.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1755375/pdf/v064p00188.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15271771?tool=bestpractice.com 由于银屑病脊柱炎的表现多变(外周关节炎、指趾炎、起止点炎和脊柱炎,伴或不伴髋关节受累),统一的治疗方法不切实际。但是一项随机对照研究提出了一个能够更好地控制皮肤和周围关节炎并且能改善患者结局的方法。[23]Coates LC, Moverley AR, McParland L, et al. Effect of tight control of inflammation in early psoriatic arthritis (TICOPA): a UK multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;386:2489-2498.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4920221/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26433318?tool=bestpractice.com研究人员认为,通过提高患者就诊频率和发展疗法相结合的标准化方案来实现疾病控制,这是银屑病性关节炎治疗的一个可行和首选方法,这种观点获得欧洲抗风湿病联盟 (European League Against Rheumatism, EULAR) 指南的支持。[24]Gossec L, Smolen JS, Ramiro S, et al; European League Against Rheumatism. European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) recommendations for the management of psoriatic arthritis with pharmacological therapies: 2015 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75:499-510.http://ard.bmj.com/content/75/3/499http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26644232?tool=bestpractice.com一致建议强调评估特定疾病表现及其严重程度,以便于制定个性化的治疗计划。[25]Coates LC, Kavanaugh A, Ritchlin CT; GRAPPA Treatment Guideline Committee. Systematic review of treatments for psoriatic arthritis: 2014 update for the GRAPPA. J Rheumatol. 2014;41:2273-2276.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25362710?tool=bestpractice.com在并发银屑病性关节炎的 HIV 感染患者中,常出现特殊管理问题。[26]Menon K, Van Voorhees AS, Bebo BF Jr, et al. National Psoriasis Foundation. Psoriasis in patients with HIV infection: from the medical board of the National Psoriasis Foundation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62:291-299.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19646777?tool=bestpractice.com
外周关节炎
初始治疗为非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID),可能联用物理治疗和/或关节内皮质类固醇注射。症状缓解:有高质量证据表明,与安慰剂相比,非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID) 可有效进行外周和中轴银屑病性关节炎的症状管理。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。对于局限性疾病(单关节炎或少关节型关节炎且无关节侵蚀证据)患者,非甾体抗炎药可能已足够。研究表明,各种非甾体抗炎药的优势相近,因此将根据患者偏好和临床经验选择治疗方案。最好应按全剂量开具非甾体抗炎药处方,试用至少 2~3 周。如果反应不充分,则开始试用另一种非甾体抗炎药。使用非甾体抗炎药多半只能部分缓解症状。
物理治疗可缓解疼痛、改善关节活动度并可增强相关的关节周肌萎缩关节的肌肉。因此,局限性疾病的患者可能未必需要物理治疗。
如果患者不起效,则可施以关节内皮质类固醇注射。尚无关于评价关节内注射皮质类固醇益处的随机对照试验 (RCT);建议根据专家意见进行该项治疗。应避免在浅表关节中使用长效药剂(例如己曲安奈德),否则浅表关节处有皮下萎缩的高危风险。在此情况下,优先选择甲基泼尼松龙醋酸盐。应避免全身性使用皮质类固醇,因为它存在停药后银屑病发作的风险。
NSAID、物理治疗和关节内注射皮质类固醇可改善进展性疾病(非甾体抗炎药和/或治疗抵抗的多发性关节炎、关节侵蚀或少关节型关节炎)患者的症状,但是需要使用缓解疾病的抗风湿性药物 (DMARD) 进行联合治疗以停止或缓解疾病进程。
由于其便于给药(即每周一次的剂量)并且相对起效更快,甲氨蝶呤通常是 DMARD 首选。尚无证据表明甲氨蝶呤联用柳氮磺胺吡啶或来氟米特可获得更多益处。甲氨蝶呤的初步治疗应持续 3 个月。尚无见到对中轴(脊椎)疾病有任何益处,但是证据有限。肝毒性风险要比在类风湿关节炎中使用时的风险高,但甲氨蝶呤不会增加银屑病性关节炎患者出现呼吸系统不良事件的风险。[27]Conway R, Low C, Coughlan RJ, et al. Methotrexate use and risk of lung disease in psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease: systematic literature review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2015;350:h1269.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4358852/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25770113?tool=bestpractice.com需要每日补充叶酸。
将环孢素与甲氨蝶呤或柳氮磺胺吡啶做比较的 RCT 显示环孢素改善了关节症状和皮疹。然而,没有证据表明环孢素会使影像学进展变慢,并且在它对中轴症状的有益影响方面,没有任何数据。可仅使用环孢素或将其与甲氨蝶呤联用。外周银屑病性关节炎的改善:有中等质量证据表明,与柳氮磺胺吡啶相比,甲氨蝶呤和环孢素是有效的外周银屑病性关节炎短期疗法。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。环孢素的使用因肾毒性而受限。
柳氮磺胺吡啶可轻微缓解外周关节炎症状。外周银屑病性关节炎的改善:有高质量证据表明,与安慰剂相比,柳氮磺胺吡啶和来氟米特对外周银屑病性关节炎有效。目前没有证据支持它们对关节损伤有任何益处。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。没有证据表明柳氮磺胺吡啶会使影像学进展变慢,并且它对中轴疾病没有任何益处。
多项随机对照临床试验 (RCTs) 对来氟米特与安慰剂进行比较,结果显示该药改善了关节肿胀、压痛、皮疹和患者功能。外周银屑病性关节炎的改善:有高质量证据表明,与安慰剂相比,柳氮磺胺吡啶和来氟米特对外周银屑病性关节炎有效。目前没有证据支持它们对关节损伤有任何益处。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。没有证据表明来氟米特会影响影像学进展或中轴症状。
在接受环孢素联用甲氨蝶呤治疗后,对非甾体抗炎药、物理治疗、关节内注射皮质类固醇和单剂量 DMARD 等治疗抵抗的患者的关节和皮肤症状得以改善。而且,与单独使用甲氨蝶呤相比,该联用使影像学进展放缓。
如果少关节型/多关节型外周滑膜炎患者经 2 种常规 DMARD 治疗均失败,则应考虑使用肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF)-α 抑制因子。[28]Coates LC, Tillett W, Chandler D, et al; BSR Clinical Affairs Committee & Standards, Audit and Guidelines Working Group and the BHPR. The 2012 BSR and BHPR guideline for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis with biologics. Rheumatology. 2013;52:1754-1757.http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/content/52/10/1754.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23887065?tool=bestpractice.com安慰剂对照 RCT 显示,依那西普、阿达木单抗、英夫利昔单抗、戈利木单抗 (golimumab) 和赛妥珠单抗能够改善关节、皮肤、日常机能以及影像学侵蚀进展率。症状和影像学的改善:有高质量证据表明,与安慰剂相比,TNF-α 抑制剂疗法对于银屑病性关节炎和银屑病均是有效的短期干预。临床表现已改善且影像学进展已放缓。仍需评估长期持续效益和安全。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。没有任何一种 TNF-α 抑制剂是比其他制剂好的选择。TNF-α 抑制剂加用甲氨蝶呤并不比单独采用 TNF-α 抑制剂治疗更有效。如有必要帮助缓解其余症状的疼痛反应,则可继续使用非甾体抗炎药。在使用 TNF-α 抑制剂疗法之前,应获得基线胸部影像,并评估结核菌素和乙型肝炎感染状况。
在随机、安慰剂对照临床试验中,用于抑制白介素 12 和白介素 23(促炎细胞因子,可提升 Th17 淋巴细胞生成量)受体结合的人源化单克隆抗体优特克单抗改善了银屑病性关节炎的体征和症状。[29]Gottlieb A, Menter A, Mendelsohn A, et al. Ustekinumab, a human interleukin 12/23 monoclonal antibody, for psoriatic arthritis: randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Lancet. 2009;373:633-640.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19217154?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Ritchlin C, Rahman P, Kavanaugh A, et al; PSUMMIT 2 Study Group. Efficacy and safety of the anti-IL-12/23 p40 monoclonal antibody, ustekinumab, in patients with active psoriatic arthritis despite conventional non-biological and biological anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy: 6-month and 1-year results of the phase 3, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised PSUMMIT 2 trial. Ann
Rheum Dis. 2014;73:990-999.http://ard.bmj.com/content/73/6/990.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24482301?tool=bestpractice.com[31]McInnes IB, Kavanaugh A, Gottlieb AB, et al; PSUMMIT 1 Study Group. Efficacy and safety of ustekinumab in patients with active psoriatic arthritis: 1 year results of the phase 3, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled PSUMMIT 1 trial. Lancet. 2013;382:780-789.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23769296?tool=bestpractice.com 优特克单抗抑制关节受损的影像学进展;[32]Kavanaugh A, Ritchlin C, Rahman P, et al; PSUMMIT-1 and 2 Study Groups. Ustekinumab, an anti-IL-12/23 p40 monoclonal antibody, inhibits radiographic progression in patients with active psoriatic arthritis: results of an integrated analysis of radiographic data from the phase 3, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled PSUMMIT-1 and PSUMMIT-2 trials. Ann Rheum Dis.
2014;73:1000-1006.http://ard.bmj.com/content/73/6/1000.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24553909?tool=bestpractice.com 起止点炎和指趾炎也可能有反应。[30]Ritchlin C, Rahman P, Kavanaugh A, et al; PSUMMIT 2 Study Group. Efficacy and safety of the anti-IL-12/23 p40 monoclonal antibody, ustekinumab, in patients with active psoriatic arthritis despite conventional non-biological and biological anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy: 6-month and 1-year results of the phase 3, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised PSUMMIT 2 trial. Ann
Rheum Dis. 2014;73:990-999.http://ard.bmj.com/content/73/6/990.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24482301?tool=bestpractice.com
苏金单抗 (Secukinumab) 是白介素 17 的单克隆抗体,对于皮肤和关节炎均有效,并且能够减缓侵蚀性病变。[33]Mease PJ, McInnes IB, Kirkham B, et al.; FUTURE 1 Study Group. Secukinumab inhibition of interleukin-17A in patients with psoriatic arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:1329-1339.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1412679#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26422723?tool=bestpractice.com[34]McInnes IB, Mease PJ, Kirkham B, et al. Secukinumab, a human anti-interleukin-17A monoclonal antibody, in patients with psoriatic arthritis (FUTURE 2): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2015;386:1137-1146.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26135703?tool=bestpractice.com
阿普斯特是口服的磷酸二脂酶 4 抑制剂,可联用甲氨蝶呤。安慰剂对照试验的 RCT 结果显示,银屑病性关节炎患者获得重大改善。[35]Schett G, Wollenhaupt J, Papp K, et al. Oral apremilast in the treatment of active psoriatic arthritis: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:3156-3167.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.34627/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806399?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Kavanaugh A, Mease PJ, Gomez-Reino JJ, et al. Longterm (52-week) results of a phase III randomized, controlled trial of apremilast in patients with psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2015;42:479-488.http://www.jrheum.org/content/42/3/479.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25593233?tool=bestpractice.com对于经 TNF-α 抑制剂疗法治疗失败的患者,其对阿普斯特的疗效可能也会降低。阿普斯特不如 TNF-α 抑制剂或白介素 17 抑制剂有效。
起止点炎
在报告的银屑病起止点炎 RCT 中,该疾病临床表现的描述一直不完整。疗法的相关信息来源于其他脊椎关节病临床试验。[25]Coates LC, Kavanaugh A, Ritchlin CT; GRAPPA Treatment Guideline Committee. Systematic review of treatments for psoriatic arthritis: 2014 update for the GRAPPA. J Rheumatol. 2014;41:2273-2276.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25362710?tool=bestpractice.com
虽然建议非甾体抗炎药疗法和物理治疗,但是尚无就起止点炎处理方面对这些干预进行具体评估。在银屑病性关节炎临床试验中,TNF-α 抑制剂优特克单抗和阿普斯特减少了活性起止点炎的体征。[25]Coates LC, Kavanaugh A, Ritchlin CT; GRAPPA Treatment Guideline Committee. Systematic review of treatments for psoriatic arthritis: 2014 update for the GRAPPA. J Rheumatol. 2014;41:2273-2276.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25362710?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Ritchlin C, Rahman P, Kavanaugh A, et al; PSUMMIT 2 Study Group. Efficacy and safety of the anti-IL-12/23 p40 monoclonal antibody, ustekinumab, in patients with active psoriatic arthritis despite conventional non-biological and biological anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy: 6-month and 1-year results of the phase 3, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised PSUMMIT 2 trial. Ann
Rheum Dis. 2014;73:990-999.http://ard.bmj.com/content/73/6/990.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24482301?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Kavanaugh A, Mease PJ, Gomez-Reino JJ, et al. Treatment of psoriatic arthritis in a phase 3 randomised, placebo-controlled trial with apremilast, an oral phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73:1020-1026.http://ard.bmj.com/content/73/6/1020.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24595547?tool=bestpractice.com起止点炎改善:高质量的证据表明,与安慰剂相比,TNF-α 抑制剂有效减少了活跃起止点炎的体征。[25]Coates LC, Kavanaugh A, Ritchlin CT; GRAPPA Treatment Guideline Committee. Systematic review of treatments for psoriatic arthritis: 2014 update for the GRAPPA. J Rheumatol. 2014;41:2273-2276.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25362710?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。