2015 年,全球糖尿病患者数为 4.15 亿,预计到 2040 年将达到 6.42 亿。[2]Ogurtsova K, da Rocha Fernandes JD, Huang Y, et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: global estimates for the prevalence of diabetes for 2015 and 2040. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2017 Jun;128:40-50.https://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(17)30375-3/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28437734?tool=bestpractice.com一项全球患病率的分析研究发现,在糖尿病患者中,35% 患有某种类型的糖尿病视网膜病变,7% 患有增殖性视网膜病变,7% 患有黄斑水肿,10% 患有造成视力丧失的视网膜病变。[3]Yau JW, Rogers SL, Kawasaki R, et al. Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 2012 Mar;35(3):556-64.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3322721/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22301125?tool=bestpractice.com 与 2 型糖尿病患者相比,1 型糖尿病患者的各项患病率更高,并且随着糖尿病病程延长、血糖控制不佳和血压控制不佳,各项患病率出现增长。
在 1 型糖尿病患者中,视网膜病变很少出现在青春期之前和糖尿病病程<7 年的患者中。[4]Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, et al. The Wisconsin Epidemiological Study of Diabetic Retinopathy II. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is less than 30 years. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984 Apr;102(4):520-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6367724?tool=bestpractice.com 大约 25%的 2 型糖尿病患者在确诊时已存在视网膜病变,可能是对该疾病认识不足的结果。[5]Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, et al. The Wisconsin Epidemiological Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. III. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is 30 or more years. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984 Apr;102(4):527-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6367725?tool=bestpractice.com
在确诊时年龄不足 30 岁的患者中,据报道有 17% 的患者已患有 5 年以下的糖尿病(1 型和 2 型),而 98% 的患者已患有 15 年以上的糖尿病。[4]Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, et al. The Wisconsin Epidemiological Study of Diabetic Retinopathy II. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is less than 30 years. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984 Apr;102(4):520-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6367724?tool=bestpractice.com 确诊时年龄>30 岁的患者中,糖尿病病程<5 年和>15 年的患者的患病率分别为 29% 和 78%。[5]Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, et al. The Wisconsin Epidemiological Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. III. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is 30 or more years. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984 Apr;102(4):527-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6367725?tool=bestpractice.com 视网膜病变、视网膜病变的进展和进展成增殖性视网膜病变的 10 年发病率在 30 岁之前确诊的小组中最高,其次是在≥30 岁确诊的且使用胰岛素治疗的小组,在≥30 岁确诊的未使用胰岛素治疗的小组中最低。[6]Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, et al. The Wisconsin Epidemiological Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. XIV. Ten-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1994 Sep;112(9):1217-28.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7619101?tool=bestpractice.com但应注意的是,现在更新的数据显示出患病率降低的趋势。[7]Wong TY, Mwamburi M, Klein R,et al. Rates of progression in diabetic retinopathy during different time periods: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2009 Dec;32(12):2307-13.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2782996/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19940227?tool=bestpractice.com
尽管已证实族群间发病率存在差异,即使在全身性危险因素受到控制时,仍难以确定这些差异是否由族群的基因组变化或者诸如医疗资源和成本变化等因素引起。[8]Varma R, Torres M, Pena F, et al. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in adult Latinos: the Los Angeles Latino eye study. Opthalmology. 2004 Jul;111(7):1298-306.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15234129?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Roy MS. Diabetic retinopathy in African Americans with type 1 diabetes: the New Jersey 725. 1. Methodology, population, frequency of retinopathy, and visual impairment. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000 Jan;118(1):97-104.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10636422?tool=bestpractice.com