据报道视网膜病变筛查具有较好的成本效益比。[53]Javitt JC, Aiello LP. Cost-effectiveness of detecting and treating diabetic retinopathy. Ann Intern Med. 1996 Jan 1;124(1 Pt 2):164-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8554212?tool=bestpractice.com 该病变可进展成威胁视力的阶段,而不出现症状。[54]Singer DE, Nathan DM, Fogel HA, et al. Screening for diabetic retinopathy. Ann Intern Med. 1992 Apr 15;116(8):660-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1546868?tool=bestpractice.com 尽管存在有效治疗方法,但是防止视力下降远比改善视力更有效。[47]Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Photocoagulation treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Clinical application of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS) findings, DRS report number 8. Ophthalmology. 1981 Jul;88(7):583-600.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7196564?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Treatment techniques and clinical guidelines for photocoagulation of diabetic macular edema. ETDRS report number 2. Ophthalmology. 1987 Jul;94(7):761-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3658348?tool=bestpractice.com 通过早期干预,临床结局可获得改善。[55]Bailey CC, Sparrow JM, Grey RH, et al. The National Diabetic Retinopathy Laser Treatment Audit. III. Clinical outcomes. Eye. 1999 Apr;13 ( Pt 2):151-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10450373?tool=bestpractice.com
美国眼科学会 (The American Academy of Ophthalmology) 推荐的视网膜病变筛查方法如下。[56]American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred practice pattern: diabetic retinopathy. December 2017 [internet publication]https://www.aao.org/preferred-practice-pattern/diabetic-retinopathy-ppp-updated-2017
美国糖尿病协会已经更改了针对在一次或多次年度眼科检查中无视网膜病变证据的患者的筛查建议。 现在可以考虑对这一群体每 2 年进行一次检查(以前的建议是每年一次)。[57]Solomon SD, Chew E, Duh EJ, et al. Diabetic retinopathy: a position statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2017 Mar;40(3):412-18.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/40/3/412.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28223445?tool=bestpractice.com
数字化眼底摄影是筛查的首选方法,因为它提供了质量保证和便于比对的永久性记录。[48]Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Grading diabetic retinopathy from stereoscopic color fundus photographs: an extension of the modified Airlie House classification. ETDRS report number 10. Ophthalmology. 1991 May;98(5 Suppl):786-806.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2062513?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,它很昂贵,需要培训,并且对于摄影区域外的疾病可能遗漏;同时如果是非立体的,则在糖尿病黄斑水肿检测方面,敏感性不及眼底镜检查。 视网膜摄影不能代替全面的眼科检查,至少在初始时应进行全面的眼科检查,并且之后按照眼科治疗护理专业人员的建议,每隔一段时间进行一次。[57]Solomon SD, Chew E, Duh EJ, et al. Diabetic retinopathy: a position statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2017 Mar;40(3):412-18.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/40/3/412.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28223445?tool=bestpractice.com