隐球菌性脑膜炎
在HIV相关性隐球菌性脑膜炎中,不良预后的最重要标志物为就诊时精神状态改变及高微生物载量(由定量CSF培养或CSF抗原滴度确定)。[71]Brouwer AE, Rajanuwong A, Chierakul W, et al. Combination antifungal therapies for HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2004;363:1764-1767.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15172774?tool=bestpractice.com低CSF白细胞计数与CSF开放压升高也与不良结局有关。非HIV相关性隐球菌性脑膜炎与慢性肾衰竭、肝功能衰竭或血液恶性疾病有关,且不存在头痛及精神状态改变的情况。[51]Pappas PG, Perfect JR, Cloud GA, et al. Cryptococcosis in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients in the era of effective azole therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:690-699.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/33/5/690.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11477526?tool=bestpractice.com
隐球菌性脑膜炎的死亡率仍较高;在最近一项大型美国研究中,隐球菌性脑膜炎患者的10周死亡率约为10%。[50]van der Horst C, Saag MS, Cloud GA, et al. Treatment of cryptococcal meningitis associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:15-21.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199707033370103#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9203426?tool=bestpractice.com在较小选择性的研究序列中,死亡率更高,可高达26%。来自非洲和亚洲的研究报道 10 周死亡率为 20%至 40%,这些地区已经可用两性霉素 B 治疗。[71]Brouwer AE, Rajanuwong A, Chierakul W, et al. Combination antifungal therapies for HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2004;363:1764-1767.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15172774?tool=bestpractice.com[99]Kambugu AD, Kamya M, Mayanja-Kizza H, et al. The high mortality of HIV associated Cryptococcal meningitis despite high dose amphotericin B therapy in Uganda. 41st Annual Meeting of The Infectious Diseases Society of America. San Diego, 2003. Abstract 629.[100]Imwidthaya P, Poungvarin N. Cryptococcosis in AIDS. Postgrad Med J. 2000;76:85-88.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10644384?tool=bestpractice.com以泰国、乌干达、马拉维及南非为主,隐球菌性脑膜炎仍是HIV感染患者死亡的主要原因,预计2周死亡风险为17%,而10周死亡风险为34%。[17]Jarvis JN, Bicanic T, Loyse A, et al. Determinants of mortality in a combined cohort of 501 patients with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: implications for improving outcomes. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58:736-745.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/58/5/736.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24319084?tool=bestpractice.com慢性神经精神病后遗症在隐球菌性脑膜炎之后较为常见,并与颅脑影像学参数改变有关。[101]Lu CH, Chen HL, Chang WN, et al. Assessing the chronic neuropsychologic sequelae of human
immunodeficiency virus-negative cryptococcal meningitis by using diffusion tensor
imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2011;32:1333-1339.http://www.ajnr.org/content/32/7/1333.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21596808?tool=bestpractice.com
组织胞浆菌性脑膜炎
约20%的患者初始治疗失败,高达40%的患者会复发。[25]Wheat LJ, Musial CE, Jenny-Avital E. Diagnosis and management of central nervous system histoplasmosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:844-852.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/40/6/844.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15736018?tool=bestpractice.com
球孢子菌性脑膜炎
尽管临床抗真菌治疗已取得一定的进展,但球孢子菌性脑膜炎相关的致病率及死亡率仍较高,当前死亡率约为30%。[10]Johnson RH, Einstein HE. Coccidioidal meningitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:103-107.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/42/1/103.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16323099?tool=bestpractice.com如果治疗停止会有高复发风险,因此应该终身治疗。[102]Dewsnup DH, Galgiani JN, Graybill JR, et al. Is it ever safe to stop azole therapy for Coccidioides immitis meningitis? Ann Intern Med. 1996;124:305-310.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8554225?tool=bestpractice.com
念珠菌性脑膜炎
念珠菌性脑膜炎的预后取决于危险群组,死亡率可存在差异,其中神经外科手术患者的死亡率约为 10%,[40]Nguyen MH, Yu VL. Meningitis caused by Candida species: an emerging problem in neurosurgical patients. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;21:323-327.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8562739?tool=bestpractice.com而 HIV 感染患者的死亡率约为 30%。[54]Casado JL, Quereda C, Oliva J, et al. Candidal meningitis in HIV-infected patients: analysis of 14 cases. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;25:673-676.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9314460?tool=bestpractice.com念珠菌性脑膜炎早产儿的死亡率及神经发育障碍的概率高于匹配的对照组:分别为60%及28%。[103]Lee BE, Cheung PY, Robinson JL, et al. Comparative study of mortality and morbidity in premature infants (birth weight <1.250 g) with candidaemia or candidal meningitis. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;27:559-565.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9770157?tool=bestpractice.com
曲霉菌性脑膜炎
曲霉菌性脑膜炎的诊断较难,总体病死率近 70%;在免疫功能正常的患者中,生前确定特定诊断的可能性较高。[45]Antinori S, Corbellino M, Meroni L, et al. Aspergillus meningitis: a rare clinical manifestation of central nervous system aspergillosis - case report and review of 92 cases. J Infect. 2013;66:218-238.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23178421?tool=bestpractice.com