气肿性肾盂肾炎 (EPN)
大多数患者是急性病,在急诊给予充足补液、吸氧稳定病情,可以减少发病率和降低死亡率。[22]Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, et al. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 8;345(19):1368-1377.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa010307#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11794169?tool=bestpractice.com大多数 EPN 患者患有糖尿病。极其严格的血糖控制在实验中已被证明可以改善脓毒症和患有重度感染的糖尿病患者的治疗效果。[38]Heuer JG, Sharma GR, Zhang T, et al. Effects of hyperglycemia and insulin therapy on outcome in a hyperglycemic septic model of critical illness. J Trauma. 2006 Apr;60(4):865-872.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16612310?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Krinsley JS. Effect of an intensive glucose management protocol on the mortality of critically ill adult patients. Mayo Clin Proc. 2004 Aug;79(8):992-1000.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15301325?tool=bestpractice.com
根据疾病的严重程度,EPN 可用经皮引流及抗生素治疗,或者如果患者病情严重并伴随恶化的脓毒症,可进行肾切除。[1]Huang JJ, Tseng CC. Emphysematous pyelonephritis: clinicoradiological classification, management, prognosis, and pathogenesis. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Mar 27;160(6):797-805.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10737279?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Rubenstein JN, Schaeffer AJ. Managing complicated urinary tract infections: the urologic view. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2003 Jun;17(2):333-351.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12848473?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Somani BK, Nabi G, Thorpe P, et al. Is percutaneous drainage the new gold standard in the management of emphysematous pyelonephritis? Evidence from a systematic review. J Urol. 2008 May;179(5):1844-1849.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18353396?tool=bestpractice.com死亡率:有高质量的证据表明,在气肿性肾盂肾炎患者中,接受经皮引流的患者死亡率明显低于只进行医学管理以及医学管理和肾切除术的患者。[40]Somani BK, Nabi G, Thorpe P, et al. Is percutaneous drainage the new gold standard in the management of emphysematous pyelonephritis? Evidence from a systematic review. J Urol. 2008 May;179(5):1844-1849.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18353396?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。针对产气微生物的抗生素治疗包括第三代头孢菌素、氟喹诺酮、广谱青霉素、氨基糖苷类和碳青霉烯类抗生素。经验性抗菌治疗部分取决于当地细菌的敏感性。[41]Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber KG, et al. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: a 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Mar 1;52(5):e103-e120.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/52/5/e103.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21292654?tool=bestpractice.com