对于复发性感染的患者,重要的是对感染提高警惕并及时快速治疗。[47]Montini G, Rigon L, Zucchetta P, et al. Prophylaxis after first febrile urinary tract infection in children? A multicenter, randomized, controlled, noninferiority trial. Pediatrics. 2008 Nov;122(5):1064-1071.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18977988?tool=bestpractice.com最近的数据表明,肾盂肾炎儿童患者应在发病后2 日内接受 DMSA 扫描,因为那些DMSA 扫描结果正常的儿童膀胱输尿管返流的发病率很低。[48]Chishti AS, Maul EC, Nazario RJ, et al. A guideline for the inpatient care of children with pyelonephritis. Ann Saudi Med. 2010 Sep-Oct;30(5):341-349.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2941245/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20716830?tool=bestpractice.com美国泌尿外科学会关于儿童原发性膀胱输尿管返流管理指南的最新总结不建议预防性的抗生素治疗。[49]Peters CA, Skoog SJ, Arant BS, Jr., et al. Summary of the AUA guideline on management of primary vesicoureteral reflux in children. J Urol. 2010 Sep;184(3):1134-1144.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20650499?tool=bestpractice.com然而,在瑞典进行的一项针对患有 III 级和 IV 级返流的临床实验中,儿童患者被随机给予预防性抗生素、内镜治疗或单纯的监控跟踪。结果表明在那些分配到预防性抗生素或内镜治疗组中的儿童的复发感染率和肾损伤程度均较低。[50]Brandstrom P, Esbjorner E, Herthelius M, et al. The Swedish reflux trial in children: III. Urinary tract infection pattern. J Urol. 2010 Jul;184(1):286-291.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20488494?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Brandstrom P, Neveus T, Sixt R, et al. The Swedish reflux trial in children: IV. Renal damage. J Urol. 2010 Jul;184(1):292-297.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20494369?tool=bestpractice.com
建议糖尿病患者控制饮食和血糖。