SCID 的确切发病率未知,但根据以往情况,估计该病的发病率为 1/100,000 例活产儿-1/75,000 例活产儿。[8]Fischer A. Severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCID). Clin Exp Immunol. 2000:122:143-149.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=11091267http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11091267?tool=bestpractice.comImmune Deficiency Foundation美国多个州现已通过使用T细胞受体删除环(TRECs)计数针对所有新生儿进行SCID筛查,TREC是来自胸腺的初始T细胞的替代标志物,因此被用作是SCID/重度T细胞淋巴细胞减少的标志物。[9]Douek DC, Vescio RA, Betts MR, et al. Assessment of thymic output in adults after haematopoietic stem cell transplant and prediction of T cell reconstitution. Lancet. 2000;355:1875-1881.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10866444?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Morinishi Y, Imai K, Nakagawa N, et al. Identification of severe combined immunodeficiency by T-cell receptor excision circles quantification using neonatal Guthrie cards. J Pediatr. 2009;155:829-833.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19628217?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Routes JM, Grossman WJ, Verbsky J, et al. Statewide newborn screening for severe T-cell lymphopenia. JAMA. 2009;302:2465-2470.http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/302/22/2465.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19996402?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Hale JE, Bonilla FA, Pai SY, et al. Identification of an infant with severe combined immunodeficiency by newborn screening. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126:1073-1074.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20933257?tool=bestpractice.com来自威斯康辛州、加利福尼亚州及纽约采用TREC评估的研究结果表明,SCID的发病率约为每40 000~50 000新生儿中有1例。[13]Verbsky JW, Baker MW, Grossman WJ, et al. Newborn screening for severe combined immunodeficiency; the Wisconsin experience (2008-2011). J Clin Immunol. 2012;32:82-88.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22068910?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Kwan A, Church JA, Cowan MJ, et al. Newborn screening for severe combined immunodeficiency and T-cell lymphopenia in California: results of the first 2 years. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;132:140-150.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3759317/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23810098?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Vogel BH, Bonagura V, Weinberg GA, et al. Newborn screening for SCID in New York State: experience from the first two years. J Clin Immunol. 2014;34:289-303.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4090801/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24578017?tool=bestpractice.com
X 连锁隐性遗传 SCID 约占所有 SCID 病例的一半,病因为编码共同 γ 链(γ-c 链)的基因存在突变,γ-c 链是白介素 (IL)-2、IL-4、IL-7、IL-9、IL-15 及 IL-21 受体所使用的一种信号蛋白。[3]Buckley RH. Molecular defects in human severe combined immunodeficiency and approaches to immune reconstitution. Ann Rev Immunol. 2004:22:625-655.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15032591?tool=bestpractice.com
其余类型的 SCID 为常染色体隐性遗传缺陷。[3]Buckley RH. Molecular defects in human severe combined immunodeficiency and approaches to immune reconstitution. Ann Rev Immunol. 2004:22:625-655.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15032591?tool=bestpractice.com其中最常见的为腺苷脱氨酶缺陷,占所有 SCID 病例的 16%。[3]Buckley RH. Molecular defects in human severe combined immunodeficiency and approaches to immune reconstitution. Ann Rev Immunol. 2004:22:625-655.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15032591?tool=bestpractice.com白介素-7 (IL-7) 受体 α 链缺陷占所有 SCID 病例的 10%。[3]Buckley RH. Molecular defects in human severe combined immunodeficiency and approaches to immune reconstitution. Ann Rev Immunol. 2004:22:625-655.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15032591?tool=bestpractice.com编码 Janus 激酶 3 (Janus kinase 3, JAK3) 的基因突变占 SCID 病例的 6.5%,JAK3 和 γ-c 链一起参与 T 细胞受体信号传导。[3]Buckley RH. Molecular defects in human severe combined immunodeficiency and approaches to immune reconstitution. Ann Rev Immunol. 2004:22:625-655.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15032591?tool=bestpractice.com重组激活基因(RAG1 与 RAG2)突变在所有 SCID 病例中的比例不超过 3%。[3]Buckley RH. Molecular defects in human severe combined immunodeficiency and approaches to immune reconstitution. Ann Rev Immunol. 2004:22:625-655.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15032591?tool=bestpractice.com
在讲阿萨巴斯卡语的美国土著人中,一种DNA修复蛋白(名为Artemis)缺陷引发的SCID的概率更高,而Artemis由DNA交联修复1C基因(DCLRE1C)编码。在这一特殊群体中进行的流行病学研究显示,该病的发病率约为 52/100,000 例活产儿。[16]Kalman L, Lindegren ML, Kobrynski L, et al. Mutations in genes required for T-cell development: IL7R, CD45, IL2RG, JAK3, RAG1, RAG2, ARTEMIS, and ADA and severe combined immunodeficiency: HuGE review. Genet Med. 2004:6:16-26.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14726805?tool=bestpractice.com在诸如亚米希人与门诺派人群体中,SCID的发病率同样偏高。
许多国家已经建立了数据库以监测SCID的发病率。据报告,发病率范围如下,哥斯达黎加 1/26,000 例活产儿,希腊 1/60,000 例活产儿,澳大利亚 1/69,000 例活产儿,以及智利 1/78,000 例活产儿。[17]Leiva LE, Zelazco M, Oleastro M, et al. Primary immunodeficiency diseases in Latin America: the second report of the LAGID registry. J Clin Immunol. 2007;27:101-108.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17191150?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Michos A, Tzanoudaki M, Villa A, et al. Severe combined immunodeficiency in Greek children over a 20-year period: rarity of γ(c)-chain deficiency (X-linked) type. J Clin Immunol. 2011;31:778-783.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21732012?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Yee A, De Ravin SS, Elliott E, et al. Severe combined immunodeficiency: a national surveillance study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2008;19:298-302.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18221464?tool=bestpractice.com世界上一些地区中近亲结婚在文化角度上属合理情况,这些地区的SCID发病率偏高的情况最为显著。来自沙特阿拉伯的数据显示,发病率为 1/5,000 例活产儿,在已报告的 SCID 发病率中,这是迄今为止的最高数据。[20]Suliaman F, Al-Ghonaium A, Harfi H, et al. High incidence of severe combined immune deficiency in the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Pediatr Asthma All Immunol. 2006;19:14-18.参与行动的州与国家中SCID新生儿筛查的持续推广以及发病率情况的公开将有助于清晰地确立与SCID有关的各种缺陷的发生率。