与反应性关节炎 (ReA) 相关的细菌是性交疾病和传染性痢疾的常见原因。它们是细胞壁含脂多糖成分的革兰氏阴性菌,在滑膜组织中已找到细菌及其组分。[13]Gerard HC, Branigan PJ, Schumacher HR Jr, et al. Synovial Chlamydia trachomatis in patients with reactive arthritis/Reiter's syndrome are viable but show aberrant gene expression. J Rheumatol. 1998;25:734-742.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9558178?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Gerard HC, Schumacher HR, El-Gabalawy H, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae present in the human synovium are viable and metabolically active. Microb Pathog. 2000;29:17-24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10873487?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Granfors K, Jalkanen S, Toivanen P, et al. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide in synovial fluid cells in Shigella triggered reactive arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1992;19:500.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1578474?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Gaston JS, Cox C, Granfors K. Clinical and experimental evidence for persistent Yersinia infections in reactive arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42:2239-2242.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10524699?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Braun J, Tuszewski M, Ehlers S, et al. Nested polymerase chain reaction strategy simultaneously targeting DNA sequences of multiple bacterial species in inflammatory joint diseases. II. Examination of sacroiliac and knee joint biopsies of patients with spondyloarthropathies and other arthritides. J Rheumatol. 1997;24:1101-1105.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9195516?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Nikkari S, Merilahti-Palo R, Saario R, et al. Yersinia-triggered reactive arthritis. Use of polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemical staining in the detection of bacterial components from synovial specimens. Arthritis Rheum. 1992;35:682-687.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1599522?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Nikkari S, Rantakokko K, Ekman P, et al. Salmonella-triggered reactive arthritis: use of polymerase chain reaction, immunocytochemical staining, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the detection of bacterial components from synovial fluid. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42:84-89.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9920018?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Taylor-Robinson D, Gilroy CB, Thomas BJ, et al. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis DNA in joints of reactive arthritis patients by polymerase chain reaction. Lancet. 1992;340:81-82.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1352016?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Viitanen AM, Arstila TP, Lahesmaa R, et al. Application of the polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence techniques to the detection of bacteria in Yersinia-triggered reactive arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1991;34:89-96.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1984781?tool=bestpractice.com虽然 ReA 也发生于许多其他细菌感染后,但最常涉及的细菌属有衣原体、沙门氏菌、 弯曲杆菌、志贺氏杆菌和耶尔森氏鼠疫杆菌属。
在传统上认为衣原体属是 ReA 的最常见原因。[22]Barth WF, Segal K. Reactive arthritis (Reiter's syndrome). Am Fam Physician. 1999;60:499-503, 507.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10465225?tool=bestpractice.com沙眼衣原体和肺炎衣原体均是已知的诱因。但是,沙眼衣原体是更为常见的元凶。一项研究中,泌尿生殖道感染后发生 ReA 的 50% 患者中均发现了沙眼衣原体。[23]Rahman MU, Hudson AP, Schumacher HR Jr. Chlamydia and Reiter's syndrome (reactive arthritis). Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1992;18:67-79.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1561410?tool=bestpractice.com一项观察研究表明,衣原体也是未分化脊柱关节炎的常见诱因。[24]Carter JD, Gerard HC, Espinoza LR, et al. Chlamydiae as etiologic agents in chronic undifferentiated spondylarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60:1311-1316.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.24431/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19404948?tool=bestpractice.com因此,衣原体作为炎性关节炎病因真正影响可能被低估了。
在美国,空肠弯曲菌可能是痢疾后 ReA 的最重要原因。[25]Altekruse SF, Stern NJ, Fields PI, et al. Campylobacter jejuni - an emerging foodborne pathogen. Emerg Infect Dis. 1999;5:28-35.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10081669?tool=bestpractice.com弯曲杆菌性 ReA 罹患率在各研究中有所不同,从 1%~7% 不等。无研究显示 HLA-B27 基因型可增加弯曲杆菌感染后 ReA 的风险。[11]Eastmond CJ, Rennie JA, Reid TM. An outbreak of Campylobacter enteritis - a rheumatological followup survey. J Rheumatol. 1983;10:107-108.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6842468?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Hannu T, Mattila L, Rautelin H, et al. Campylobacter-triggered reactive arthritis: a population-based study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002;41:312-318.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11934969?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Hannu T, Kauppi M, Tuomala M, et al. Reactive arthritis following an outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni infection. J Rheumatol. 2004;31:528-530.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14994400?tool=bestpractice.com
肠炎沙门氏菌是美国最常见的肠道感染之一,且约有 6% ~ 30% 的急性沙门氏菌感染的患者随后会发展为 ReA。[12]Dworkin MS, Shoemaker PC, Goldoft MJ, et al. Reactive arthritis and Reiter's syndrome following an outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella enteritidis. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:1010-1014.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11528573?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Buxton JA, Fyfe M, Berger S, et al. Reactive arthritis and other sequelae following sporadic Salmonella typhimurium infection in British Colombia, Canada: a case control study. J Rheumatol. 2002;29:2154-2158.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12375326?tool=bestpractice.com
在沙门氏菌诱发性 ReA 患者的滑液中已发现沙门氏菌细菌抗原。[19]Nikkari S, Rantakokko K, Ekman P, et al. Salmonella-triggered reactive arthritis: use of polymerase chain reaction, immunocytochemical staining, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the detection of bacterial components from synovial fluid. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42:84-89.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9920018?tool=bestpractice.com
在 ReA 患者滑膜组织检测到志贺氏杆菌的 DNA。[15]Granfors K, Jalkanen S, Toivanen P, et al. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide in synovial fluid cells in Shigella triggered reactive arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1992;19:500.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1578474?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Braun J, Tuszewski M, Ehlers S, et al. Nested polymerase chain reaction strategy simultaneously targeting DNA sequences of multiple bacterial species in inflammatory joint diseases. II. Examination of sacroiliac and knee joint biopsies of patients with spondyloarthropathies and other arthritides. J Rheumatol. 1997;24:1101-1105.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9195516?tool=bestpractice.com2005 年的一项芬兰研究显示总罹患率达 7%。[29]Hannu T, Mattila L, Siitonen A, et al. Reactive arthritis attributable to Shigella infection: a clinical and epidemiological nationwide study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64:594-598.http://ard.bmj.com/content/64/4/594.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15550534?tool=bestpractice.com
1998 年两起耶尔森菌感染疫情显示,12% 的受累患者发展为 ReA,而纳入 37 位成人的一个较新研究表明,罹患率可能更高 (22%)。[30]Hannu T, Mattila L, Nuorti JP, et al. Reactive arthritis after an outbreak of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype O:3 infection. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62:866-869.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12922960?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Press N, Fyfe M, Bowie W, et al. Clinical and microbiological follow-up of an outbreak of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype Ib. Scand J Infect Dis. 2001;33:523-526.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11515763?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Vasala M, Hallanvuo S, Ruuska P, et al. High frequency of reactive arthritis in adults after Yersinia pseudotuberculosis O:1 outbreak caused by contaminated grated carrots. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73:1793-1796.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23852698?tool=bestpractice.com
已在滑膜组织中找到耶尔森菌抗原,[18]Nikkari S, Merilahti-Palo R, Saario R, et al. Yersinia-triggered reactive arthritis. Use of polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemical staining in the detection of bacterial components from synovial specimens. Arthritis Rheum. 1992;35:682-687.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1599522?tool=bestpractice.com且一项研究表明,这些基于滑液的细菌具代谢活性。[16]Gaston JS, Cox C, Granfors K. Clinical and experimental evidence for persistent Yersinia infections in reactive arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42:2239-2242.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10524699?tool=bestpractice.com