检查 怀疑患有神经系统侵袭性疾病时,申请进行该项检查。使用捕获酶联免疫吸附测定法 (MAC-ELISA) 确定西尼罗河病毒特异性 IgM 抗体。通常 24 到 48 小时即可取得结果。
首选采集脑脊液样本。仅脑脊液样本不可用或对诊断存有疑问时,才推荐使用配对血清样本检查。其中一个血清样本应在首次就诊时采集,另一个样本在恢复期采集(7 到 14 日后)。单一血清样本检查结果呈 IgM 阳性表明存在急性或既往感染。
有时,在急性感染后 IgM 抗体可能在脑脊液中持续存在。血清 IgM 抗体可以持续存在超过 1 年。在患病第 8 天后,该检测方法的敏感性接近 100%。[3]Campbell GL, Marfin AA, Lanciotti RS, et al. West Nile virus. Lancet Infect Dis. 2002;2:519-529.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12206968?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Martin DA, Muth DA, Brown T, et al. Standardization of immunoglobulin M capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for routine diagnosis of arboviral infections. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38:1823-1826.http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/content/full/38/5/1823?view=long&pmid=10790107http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10790107?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Marfin AA, Gubler DJ. West Nile encephalitis: an emerging disease in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:1713-1719.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11595987?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Roehrig JT, Nash D, Maldin B, et al. Persistence of virus-reactive serum immunoglobulin M antibody in confirmed West Nile virus encephalitis cases. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:376-379.http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/9/3/02-0531_articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12643836?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Kapoor H, Signs K, Somsel P, et al. Persistence of West Nile Virus (WNV) IgM antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with CNS disease. J Clin Virol. 2004;31:289-291.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15494271?tool=bestpractice.com
如果 MAC-ELISA 结果不明确,或者如果患者曾暴露于可导致假阳性结果的其他黄病毒属(例如黄热病病毒、日本脑炎病毒、登革热病毒),则对脑脊液或血清进行蚀斑减少中和试验 (plaque reduction neutralisation test, PRNT)。[3]Campbell GL, Marfin AA, Lanciotti RS, et al. West Nile virus. Lancet Infect Dis. 2002;2:519-529.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12206968?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Martin DA, Muth DA, Brown T, et al. Standardization of immunoglobulin M capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for routine diagnosis of arboviral infections. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38:1823-1826.http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/content/full/38/5/1823?view=long&pmid=10790107http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10790107?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Marfin AA, Gubler DJ. West Nile encephalitis: an emerging disease in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:1713-1719.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11595987?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Roehrig JT, Nash D, Maldin B, et al. Persistence of virus-reactive serum immunoglobulin M antibody in confirmed West Nile virus encephalitis cases. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:376-379.http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/9/3/02-0531_articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12643836?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Kapoor H, Signs K, Somsel P, et al. Persistence of West Nile Virus (WNV) IgM antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with CNS disease. J Clin Virol. 2004;31:289-291.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15494271?tool=bestpractice.com