环巴明
是一种从山藜芦鸢尾植物中提取而来的甾族生物碱,能够抑制hedgehog信号通路,该通路是由抑癌基因patched(PTCH)和原癌基因smoothened(SMO)所介导。Patched基因能够促进细胞分化,而smoothened基因能够促进细胞生长而不是分化。[114]Peterson SR, Goldberg LH. New and emerging treatments for nonmelanomas and actinic keratoses. J Drugs Dermatol. 2003;2:429-432.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12884470?tool=bestpractice.com该通路调节异常会抑制细胞分化、导致发育缺陷以及几种人类肿瘤的形成。[115]McMahon AP. More surprises in the Hedgehog signaling pathway. Cell. 2000;100:185-188.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10660040?tool=bestpractice.com[116]Miller SJ, Yu TC. Cyclopamine as a potential therapeutic agent for treatment of tumors related to hedgehog pathway mutations. Dermatol Surg. 2002;28:187.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11860435?tool=bestpractice.com[117]Tas S, Avci O. Rapid clearance of psoriatic skin lesions induced by topical cyclopamine. A preliminary proof of concept study. Dermatology. 2004;209:126-131.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15316166?tool=bestpractice.com环巴明可以强效激活PTCH基因,从而拮抗SMO过度活化导致的致癌作用。[114]Peterson SR, Goldberg LH. New and emerging treatments for nonmelanomas and actinic keratoses. J Drugs Dermatol. 2003;2:429-432.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12884470?tool=bestpractice.com[116]Miller SJ, Yu TC. Cyclopamine as a potential therapeutic agent for treatment of tumors related to hedgehog pathway mutations. Dermatol Surg. 2002;28:187.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11860435?tool=bestpractice.com几乎所有的基底细胞痣综合征中均检测到了PTCH种系突变。[118]Johnson RL, Rothman AL, Xie J, et al. Human homolog of patched, a candidate gene for the basal cell nevus syndrome. Science. 1996;272:1668-1671.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8658145?tool=bestpractice.com除了基底细胞癌,hedgehog通路异常还与皮脂腺痣、毛发上皮瘤、纤维肉瘤以及皮肤纤维瘤相关。[116]Miller SJ, Yu TC. Cyclopamine as a potential therapeutic agent for treatment of tumors related to hedgehog pathway mutations. Dermatol Surg. 2002;28:187.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11860435?tool=bestpractice.com这种外用药物仍处于开发阶段,有必要做临床试验以明确其治疗AK和非黑素瘤皮肤癌的疗效。一项对银屑病患者的研究已经显示了不错的结果,但还需要进一步的对照试验。[117]Tas S, Avci O. Rapid clearance of psoriatic skin lesions induced by topical cyclopamine. A preliminary proof of concept study. Dermatology. 2004;209:126-131.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15316166?tool=bestpractice.com
烟酰胺
烟酰胺(维生素B3或尼克酰胺)是多聚ADP核糖聚合酶的底物和抑制剂,也是烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸的前体,这两者都参与了DNA修复。已经证实烟酰胺在小鼠中能够预防光致癌。在两个II期RCT中,烟酰胺或相应的安慰剂均经口服给药4个月。在这两个研究中,37例患者接受了药物治疗,另有37例接受了安慰剂治疗。4个月中,安慰剂组中11例出现了20个新发皮肤癌,而烟酰胺组中2例患者只出现了4个新发皮肤癌。接受烟酰胺治疗的患者发生一个皮肤癌的概率明显较低,新发皮肤癌的概率也明显较低。但是我们需要更大规模的研究来证明烟酰胺能够有效治疗AK并可作为皮肤癌的化学预防药物。[119]Surjana D, Halliday GM, Martin AJ, et al. Oral nicotinamide reduces actinic keratoses in phase II double-blinded randomized controlled trials. J Invest Dermatol. 2012;132:1497-1500.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22297641?tool=bestpractice.com
10%水杨酸中添加低剂量氟尿嘧啶
该种新的制剂包含低剂量的氟尿嘧啶(0.5%)以减少不良事件,和水杨酸(10%)以减少角化过度以及提高氟尿嘧啶渗透进入皮肤。该制剂作为外用疗法目前正在一些欧洲国家销售,用于治疗免疫力正常的成年患者皮肤上可稍微扪及和/或中度肥厚性角化过度型光化性角化病。在一项随机双盲III期试验性研究中,该制剂已被证明在皮损数量减少和临床症状改善等参数上显著优于其他赋形剂以及双氯芬酸。然而,它的不良事件的发生率比双氯芬酸要高。[120]Stockfleth E, Kerl H, Zwingers T, et al. Low-dose 5-fluorouracil in combination with salicylic acid as a new lesion-directed option to treat topically actinic keratoses: histological and clinical study results. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165:1101-1108.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21517801?tool=bestpractice.com[121]Ghuznavi N, Nocera NF, Guajardo AR, et al. Emerging medical treatments for actinic keratoses, squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma. Clin Investig. 2012;2:909-921.[122]All Wales Therapeutics and Toxicology Centre. AWMSG Secretariat assessment report (Limited submission), Advice no. 1012: Fluorouracil/salicylic acid (Actikerall®). March 2012. http://www.wales.nhs.uk (last accessed 26 September 2016).http://www.awmsg.org/awmsgonline/app/appraisalinfo/1233
20%氨基酮戊酸(ALA)封包后进行蓝光PDT
一项多中心II期RCT试验用20%氨基酮戊酸封包3小时后进行蓝光PDT治疗上肢AK时发现,ALA封包可明显提高AK的清除率。[123]Schmieder GJ, Huang EY, Jarratt M. A multicenter, randomized, vehicle-controlled phase 2 study of blue light photodynamic therapy with aminolevulinic acid HCl 20% topical solution for the treatment of actinic keratoses on the upper extremities: the effect of occlusion during the drug incubation period. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11:1483-1489.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23377520?tool=bestpractice.com
10% ALA 凝胶封包后进行红光 PDT
3 项随机、双盲、安慰剂对照、多中心临床试验对 10% ALA 凝胶和红光 (630-635 nm) PDT 联合治疗的功效和安全性进行了评估。研究使用 10% ALA 凝胶或对照制剂对 212 名脸上/前额和/或秃顶头皮上有 4 到 8 处轻度至中度 AK 的白种人受试者进行了治疗。经过封包培养 3 小时后,将整个治疗区域暴露在红光下 10 分钟。12 周后,治疗组患者的完全清除率分别为 85% (106/125)(试验 1)、84% (27/32)(试验 2)和 91% (50/55)(试验 3),而安慰组分别为 13% (5/39)、13% (2/16) 和 22% (7/32)。对在 12 周病灶未完全清除的 42% (88/212) 患者施以第二次治疗。在三项临床试验中,接受最后一次 PDT 后于 12 周获完全清除的患者中至少有 1 次复发的患者比率分别是 14%、11% 及 22%(6 个月时),和 40%、22% 及 37%(12 个月时)。