可以从以下感染源传播感染,从而形成肝脓肿:[6]Johannsen EC, Sifri CD, Madoff LC. Pyogenic liver abscesses. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2000;14:547-563.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10987109?tool=bestpractice.com
胆道是最常见的可识别化脓性肝脓肿感染源。[16]Rockey DC. Hepatobiliary infections. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2001;17:257-261.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17031166?tool=bestpractice.com从病史来看,化脓性肝脓肿是未治疗或治疗不当的阑尾炎最常见的并发症。[17]Kim AY, Chung RT. Bacterial, parasitic, and fungal infections of the liver, including liver abscess. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's gastrointestinal and liver disease: pathophysiology diagnosis management. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2010:1351-1369.胃肠道、胆囊和胰腺的静脉注入门静脉。炎性肠病、胰腺炎、阑尾炎或憩室炎引发的门静脉炎(门静脉炎症)可导致肝脓肿。异物移行也可与肝脓肿相关。[18]Leggieri N, Marques-Vidal P, Cerwenka H, et al. Migrated foreign body liver abscess: illustrative case report, systematic review, and proposed diagnostic algorithm. Medicine (Baltimore). 2010;89:85-95.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20517180?tool=bestpractice.com与患肝脓肿风险升高相关的其他基础疾病有:
糖尿病[19]Thomsen RW, Jepsen P, Sørensen HT. Diabetes mellitus and pyogenic liver abscess: risk and prognosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:1194-1201.https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/44/9/1194/328763/Diabetes-Mellitus-and-Pyogenic-Liver-Abscess-Riskhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17407038?tool=bestpractice.com
癌症(原发性肝细胞癌或肝外的原发性癌)
肝硬化[20]Molle I, Thulstrup AM, Vilstrup H, et al. Increased risk and case fatality rate of pyogenic liver abscess in patients with liver cirrhosis: a nationwide study in Denmark. Gut. 2001;48:260-263.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11156650?tool=bestpractice.com
肝移植既往史[1]Kaplan GG, Gregson DB, Laupland KB. Population-based study of the epidemiology of and the risk factors for pyogenic liver abscess. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2:1032-1038.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15551257?tool=bestpractice.com
心肺疾病[13]Rahimian J, Wilson T, Oram V, et al. Pyogenic liver abscess: recent trends in etiology and mortality. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:1654-1659.https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/39/11/1654/465063/Pyogenic-Liver-Abscess-Recent-Trends-in-Etiologyhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15578367?tool=bestpractice.com
免疫功能受损。[2]Mohsen AH, Green ST, Read RC, et al. Liver abscess in adults: ten years experience in a UK centre. QJM. 2002;95:797-802.https://academic.oup.com/qjmed/article/95/12/797/1572029/Liver-abscess-in-adults-ten-years-experience-in-ahttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12454322?tool=bestpractice.com
在肝肿瘤化疗栓塞或经皮消融术、内镜下胆道括约肌切开术、肝冷冻治疗后,可发生肝脓肿。[19]Thomsen RW, Jepsen P, Sørensen HT. Diabetes mellitus and pyogenic liver abscess: risk and prognosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:1194-1201.https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/44/9/1194/328763/Diabetes-Mellitus-and-Pyogenic-Liver-Abscess-Riskhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17407038?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Shibata T, Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto N, et al. Cholangitis and liver abscess after percutaneous ablation therapy for liver tumors: incidence and risk factors. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2003;14:1535-1542.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14654488?tool=bestpractice.com在大约 40% 的病例中,无法明确引发肝脓肿的病因。[17]Kim AY, Chung RT. Bacterial, parasitic, and fungal infections of the liver, including liver abscess. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's gastrointestinal and liver disease: pathophysiology diagnosis management. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2010:1351-1369.牙列不良患者的菌血症可导致这类病例。菌血症、心内膜炎或其他血管内感染不常并发肝脓肿。