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Kaplan GG, Gregson DB, Laupland KB. Population-based study of the epidemiology of and the risk factors for pyogenic liver abscess. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2:1032-1038.

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Johannsen EC, Sifri CD, Madoff LC. Pyogenic liver abscesses. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2000;14:547-563.

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Kim AY, Chung RT. Bacterial, parasitic, and fungal infections of the liver, including liver abscess. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's gastrointestinal and liver disease: pathophysiology diagnosis management. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2010:1351-1369.

Haque R, Huston CD, Hughes M, et al. Amebiasis. New Engl J Med. 2003;348:1565-1573.

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Stanley SL Jr. Amoebiasis. Lancet. 2003;361:1025-1034.

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1. Kaplan GG, Gregson DB, Laupland KB. Population-based study of the epidemiology of and the risk factors for pyogenic liver abscess. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2:1032-1038.

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2. Mohsen AH, Green ST, Read RC, et al. Liver abscess in adults: ten years experience in a UK centre. QJM. 2002;95:797-802.

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4. Meddings L, Myers RP, Hubbard J, et al. A population-based study of pyogenic liver abscesses in the United States: incidence, mortality, and temporal trends. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105:117-124.

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5. Huang CJ, Pitt HA, Lipsett PA, et al. Pyogenic hepatic abscess: changing trends over 42 years. Ann Surg. 1996;223:600-607.

6. Johannsen EC, Sifri CD, Madoff LC. Pyogenic liver abscesses. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2000;14:547-563.

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7. Tsai FC, Huang YT, Chang LY, et al. Pyogenic liver abscess as endemic disease, Taiwan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:1592-1600.

8. Kim JK, Chung DR, Wie SH, et al. Risk factor analysis of invasive liver abscess caused by the K1 serotype Klebsiella pneumoniae. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2009;28:109-111.

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9. Petri WA Jr, Singh U. Diagnosis and management of amebiasis. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;29:1117-1125.

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12. Jepsen P, Vilstrup H, Schønheyder HC, et al. A nationwide study of the incidence and 30-day mortality rate of pyogenic liver abscess in Denmark, 1977-2002. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;21:1185-1188.

13. Rahimian J, Wilson T, Oram V, et al. Pyogenic liver abscess: recent trends in etiology and mortality. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:1654-1659.

14. Fang CT, Lai SY, Yi WC, et al. Klebsiella pneumoniae genotype K1: an emerging pathogen that causes septic ocular or central nervous system complications from pyogenic liver abscess. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:284-293.

15. Lederman ER, Crum NF. Pyogenic liver abscess with a focus on Klebsiella pneumoniae as a primary pathogen: an emerging disease with unique clinical characteristics. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:322-331.

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16. Rockey DC. Hepatobiliary infections. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2001;17:257-261.

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17. Kim AY, Chung RT. Bacterial, parasitic, and fungal infections of the liver, including liver abscess. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's gastrointestinal and liver disease: pathophysiology diagnosis management. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2010:1351-1369.

18. Leggieri N, Marques-Vidal P, Cerwenka H, et al. Migrated foreign body liver abscess: illustrative case report, systematic review, and proposed diagnostic algorithm. Medicine (Baltimore). 2010;89:85-95.

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19. Thomsen RW, Jepsen P, Sørensen HT. Diabetes mellitus and pyogenic liver abscess: risk and prognosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:1194-1201.

20. Molle I, Thulstrup AM, Vilstrup H, et al. Increased risk and case fatality rate of pyogenic liver abscess in patients with liver cirrhosis: a nationwide study in Denmark. Gut. 2001;48:260-263.

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21. Shibata T, Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto N, et al. Cholangitis and liver abscess after percutaneous ablation therapy for liver tumors: incidence and risk factors. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2003;14:1535-1542.

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22. Alvarez Pérez JA, González JJ, Baldonedo RF, et al. Clinical course, treatment, and multivariate analysis of risk factors for pyogenic liver abscess. Am J Surg. 2001;181:177-186.

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23. Law ST, Li KK. Role of C-reactive protein in response-guided therapy of pyogenic liver abscess. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;26:179-186.

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24. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria: acute (nonlocalized) abdominal pain and fever or suspected abdominal abscess. 2012. http://www.acr.org/ (last accessed 16 August 2017).

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25. Everts RJ, Heneghan JP, Adholla PO, et al. Validity of cultures of fluid collected through drainage catheters versus those obtained by direct aspiration. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39:66-68.

26. Chemaly RF, Hall GS, Keys TF, et al. Microbiology of liver abscesses and the predictive value of abscess gram stain and associated blood cultures. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2003;46:245-248.

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27. Lin AC, Yeh DY, Hsu YH, et al. Diagnosis of pyogenic liver abscess by abdominal ultrasonography in the emergency department. Emerg Med J. 2009;26:273-275.

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28. Benedetti NJ, Desser TS, Jeffrey RB. Imaging of hepatic infections. Ultrasound Q. 2008;24:267-278.

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29. Doyle DJ, Hanbidge AE, O'Malley ME. Imaging of hepatic infections. Clin Radiol. 2006;61:737-748.

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30. Giamarellou H. Multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria that produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs). Clin Microbiol Infect. 2005;11(suppl 4):1-16.

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31. Jacoby GA, Munoz-Price LS. The new beta-lactamases. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:380-391.

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32. Hope WW, Vrochides DV, Newcomb WL, et al. Optimal treatment of hepatic abscess. Am Surg. 2008;74:178-182.

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33. Liu CH, Gervais DA, Hahn PF, et al. Percutaneous hepatic abscess drainage: do multiple abscesses or multiloculated abscesses preclude drainage or affect outcome? J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2009;20:1059-1065.

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34. Pearce N, Knight R, Irving H, et al. Non-operative management of pyogenic liver abscess. HPB (Oxford). 2003;5:91-95.

35. Yu SC, Ho SS, Lau WY, et al. Treatment of pyogenic liver abscess: prospective randomized comparison of catheter drainage and needle aspiration. Hepatology. 2004;39:932-938.

36. Zerem E, Hadzic A. Sonographically guided percutaneous catheter drainage versus needle aspiration in the management of pyogenic liver abscess. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;189:W138-W142.

37. Tan YM, Chung AY, Chow PK, et al. An appraisal of surgical and percutaneous drainage for pyogenic liver abscesses larger than 5 cm. Ann Surg. 2005;241:485-490.

38. Chung YF, Tan YM, Lui HF, et al. Management of pyogenic liver abscesses: percutaneous or open drainage? Singapore Med J. 2007;48:1158-1165.

39. Hsieh HF, Chen TW, Yu CY, et al. Aggressive hepatic resection for patients with pyogenic liver abscess and APACHE II score > or =15. Am J Surg. 2008;196:346-350.

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40. Sersté T, Bourgeois N, Vanden Eynden F, et al. Endoscopic drainage of pyogenic liver abscesses with suspected biliary origin. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:1209-1215.

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41. Ogura T, Masuda D, Saori O, et al. Clinical outcome of endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver abscess drainage using self-expandable covered metallic stent (with video). Dig Dis Sci. 2016;61:303-308.

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42. Haque R, Huston CD, Hughes M, et al. Amebiasis. New Engl J Med. 2003;348:1565-1573.

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43. Stanley SL Jr. Amoebiasis. Lancet. 2003;361:1025-1034.

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44. Chavez-Tapia NC, Hernandez-Calleros J, et al. Image-guided percutaneous procedure plus metronidazole versus metronidazole alone for uncomplicated amoebic liver abscess. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(1):CD004886.

45. Ng FH, Wong WM, Wong BC, et al. Sequential intravenous/oral antibiotic vs. continuous intravenous antibiotic in the treatment of pyogenic liver abscess. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002;16:1083-1090.

46. Drugs for parasitic infections. Med Lett. 2004;46:e1-e12.

47. Cheng HC, Chang WL, Chen WY, et al. Long-term outcome of pyogenic liver abscess: factors related with abscess recurrence. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008;42:1110-1115.

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48. Solomkin JS, Mazuski JE, Bradley JS, et al. Diagnosis and management of complicated intra-abdominal infection in adults and children: guidelines by the Surgical Infection Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:133-164.

49. Fung HB, Doan TL. Tinidazole: a nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent. Clin Ther. 2005;27:1859-1884.

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50. Ruiz-Hernández JJ, León-Mazorra M, Conde-Martel A, et al. Pyogenic liver abscesses: mortality-related factors. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;19:853-858.

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51. Chen SC, Huang CC, Tsai SJ, et al. Severity of disease as main predictor for mortality in patients with pyogenic liver abscess. Am J Surg. 2009;198:164-172.

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52. Chen W, Chen CH, Chiu KL, et al. Clinical outcome and prognostic factors of patients with pyogenic liver abscess requiring intensive care. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:1184-1188.

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53. Lee SS, Chen YS, Tsai HC, et al. Predictors of septic metastatic infection and mortality among patients with Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47:642-650.

54. Shiba H, Aoki H, Misawa T, et al. Pneumoperitoneum caused by ruptured gas-containing liver abscess. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2007;14:210-211.

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55. Ukikusa M, Inomoto T, Kitai T, et al. Pneumoperitoneum following the spontaneous rupture of a gas-containing pyogenic liver abscess: report of a case. Surg Today. 2001;31:76-79.

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56. Ala A, Safar-Aly H, Millar A. Metallic cough and pyogenic liver abscess. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2001;13:967-969.

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57. Costi R, Bataille N, Cazaban A, et al. Image of the month: cholecystocolonic fistula associated with Escherichia coli liver abscess. Arch Surg. 2009;144:481-482.