如果患者又抽烟又接触石棉,那么患肺癌的风险加大,最重要的干预是确保患者停止吸烟。在不吸烟的石棉接触工人中肺癌增加的风险是 5.2,在吸烟的非石棉接触人群中肺癌风险是 10.8,但在吸烟的石棉接触工人中肺癌风险增加 53 倍。[21]Selikoff IJ, Seidman H. Asbestos-associated deaths among workers in the United States and Canada, 1967-1987. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1991;643:1-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1809121?tool=bestpractice.com
肺康复治疗旨在减少症状和优化功能状态。它涉及运动训练、教育、营养干预和心理支持。[22]Spruit MA, Singh SJ, Garvey C, et al. An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: key concepts and advances in pulmonary rehabilitation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;188:e13-e64.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201309-1634SThttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24127811?tool=bestpractice.com尽管证据质量低而且也没有研究显示长期获益,但是对粉尘相关间质性肺病的患者进行的两个随机对照研究中,参加肺康复治疗确实可短期改善功能性运动能力、呼吸困难和生活质量。[23]Dale MT, McKeough ZJ, Troosters T, et al. Exercise training to improve exercise capacity and quality of life in people with non-malignant dust-related respiratory diseases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(11):CD009385.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009385.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26544672?tool=bestpractice.com短期研究和少数长期研究中有低等至中等证据显示了其他类型的间质性肺病的获益。[24]Dowman L, Hill CJ, Holland AE. Pulmonary rehabilitation for interstitial lung disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(10):CD006322.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006322.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25284270?tool=bestpractice.com
有进展性纤维化以及 PaO2≤55 mmHg 或者氧饱和度≤ 89%的患者可进行氧疗。这会增强运动耐力,降低肺动脉高压和肺源性心脏病的风险。
因肺实质病变而至终末期呼吸衰竭的患者(在氧疗情况下,PaO2 <60 mmHg)可进行肺移植。[25]Alalawi R, Whelan T, Bajwa RS. Lung transplantation and interstitial lung disease. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2005;11:461-466.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16093823?tool=bestpractice.com
在极少数情况下,患者可能会出现较大程度的弥漫性胸膜增厚,应考虑胸膜剥脱术。