妊娠间隔短:如果两次妊娠间隔<6 个月,则早产风险增加 2 倍。[1]Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Iams JD, et al. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet. 2008 Jan 5;371(9606):75-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18177778?tool=bestpractice.com
母体妊娠期 BMI<19 或>35。[1]Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Iams JD, et al. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet. 2008 Jan 5;371(9606):75-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18177778?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Torloni MR, Betrán AP, Daher S, et al. Maternal BMI and preterm birth: a systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2009 Nov;22(11):957-70.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19900068?tool=bestpractice.com
心理或社会压力以及母亲抑郁会使早产的风险增加 1-2 倍。[1]Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Iams JD, et al. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet. 2008 Jan 5;371(9606):75-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18177778?tool=bestpractice.com
妊娠期吸烟会使早产的风险增加 1-2 倍。可卡因和海洛因的使用也与早产有关。[1]Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Iams JD, et al. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet. 2008 Jan 5;371(9606):75-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18177778?tool=bestpractice.com
高达 40% 的早产原因可能为宫内感染。非典型微生物(支原体和解脲脲原体)已被涉及。[1]Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Iams JD, et al. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet. 2008 Jan 5;371(9606):75-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18177778?tool=bestpractice.com
严重的细菌性阴道病会使早产率增加 1-3 倍。[1]Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Iams JD, et al. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet. 2008 Jan 5;371(9606):75-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18177778?tool=bestpractice.com
糖尿病(或妊娠期糖尿病)等母体疾病未得到有效控制,可能导致先天畸形的发生率增加,这可能引发早产。母亲高血压控制欠佳也可能导致早产。[1]Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Iams JD, et al. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet. 2008 Jan 5;371(9606):75-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18177778?tool=bestpractice.com
种族:黑人女性比白人女性发生早产的风险更高。黑人女性发生极早早产的风险为其他种族和族群的 3-4 倍。[1]Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Iams JD, et al. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet. 2008 Jan 5;371(9606):75-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18177778?tool=bestpractice.com
既往早产:前一胎早产会使下次妊娠早产的风险增加 2-3 倍。[1]Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Iams JD, et al. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet. 2008 Jan 5;371(9606):75-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18177778?tool=bestpractice.com
慢性疾病:例如,糖尿病、哮喘、甲状腺疾病、高血压。母亲妊娠中期或晚期接受手术可能会导致早产。[1]Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Iams JD, et al. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet. 2008 Jan 5;371(9606):75-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18177778?tool=bestpractice.com
母亲原因:先兆子痫/妊娠高血压综合征、产前出血、羊水过少或羊水过多、宫颈或子宫异常。[1]Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Iams JD, et al. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet. 2008 Jan 5;371(9606):75-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18177778?tool=bestpractice.com
胎儿原因:多胎妊娠、胎儿生长受限 (fetal growth restriction, FGR)。[1]Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Iams JD, et al. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet. 2008 Jan 5;371(9606):75-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18177778?tool=bestpractice.com
胎膜早破 (preterm premature rupture of membrane, PPROM) 与早产有关。合并宫内感染经常导致分娩。[1]Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Iams JD, et al. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet. 2008 Jan 5;371(9606):75-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18177778?tool=bestpractice.com
自发性早产是早产的一种主要原因,因为一旦产程进展,就很难阻止分娩。[1]Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Iams JD, et al. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet. 2008 Jan 5;371(9606):75-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18177778?tool=bestpractice.com