一旦成功复苏,并且情况稳定,就需要新生儿科医师会诊,以处理与早产相关常见的急性医疗问题。大多情况下,早产的程度与急性疾病的范围和严重程度直接相关。最佳的围生期处理可改善早产儿的结局。
产前应用倍他米松可减轻新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征 (RDS) 对早产儿的影响,因此推荐应用于很可能在妊娠 24-34 周分娩的女性。[88]Miracle X, Di Renzo GC, Stark A, et al; Coordinators of World Association of Perinatal Medicine Prematurity Working Group. Guideline for the use of antenatal corticosteroids for fetal maturation. J Perinat Med. 2008;36(3):191-6.http://www.wapm.info/images/guidelines_2.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18576926?tool=bestpractice.com
应避免使用过高浓度 (100%) 的氧气,以降低相关并发症(例如早产儿视网膜病 [ROP] 或慢性肺疾病)的发生率。随后应根据出生体重和孕龄,按照美国儿科学会的建议,进行眼科评估以早期发现ROP。[79]Fierson WM; American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Ophthalmology, American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, American Association of Certified Orthoptists. Screening examination of premature infants for retinopathy of prematurity. Pediatrics. 2018 Dec;142(6):e20183061.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/142/6/e20183061.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30478242?tool=bestpractice.com
早期干预计划(例如发育评估)结合 OT/PT 及神经影像学检查(例如 MRI)有助于评估早产儿脑白质损伤情况,并帮助最大程度改善儿童的发育状况。[89]Vanderveen JA, Bassler D, Robertson CM, et al. Early interventions involving parents to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes of premature infants: a meta-analysis. J Perinatol. 2009 May;29(5):343-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19148113?tool=bestpractice.com[90]Spittle A, Orton J, Anderson P, et al. Early developmental intervention programmes provided post hospital discharge to prevent motor and cognitive impairments in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Nov 24;(11):CD005495.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005495.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26597166?tool=bestpractice.com
美国食品药品监督管理局已批准使用己酸羟孕酮注射剂(每周一次),以降低早产风险过高孕妇的早产风险。[91]Meis PJ, Klebanoff M, Thom E, et al. Prevention of recurrent preterm delivery by 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate. N Engl J Med. 2003 Jun 12;348(24):2379-85.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa035140http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12802023?tool=bestpractice.com
对有早产风险的女性应用硫酸镁,可显著降低儿童期脑性瘫痪和运动障碍的风险,并且并不增加死亡风险。[92]Doyle LW, Crowther CA, Middleton P, et al. Antenatal magnesium sulfate and neurologic outcome in preterm infants: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Jun;113(6):1327-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19461430?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Costantine MM, Weiner SJ; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Effects of antenatal exposure to magnesium sulfate on neuroprotection and mortality in preterm infants: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Aug;114(2 Pt 1):354-64.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19622997?tool=bestpractice.com
高质量的证据表明,延迟脐带钳夹 30 至 120 秒可使早产儿的住院死亡率降低 32%。[94]Fogarty M, Osborn DA, Askie L, et al. Delayed vs early umbilical cord clamping for preterm infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Jan;218(1):1-18.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29097178?tool=bestpractice.com
在生长不良的婴儿中,维持充足的营养很重要,以预防并发症,例如生长发育落后和身材矮小,有数据表明,良好的营养可改善早产儿的总体结局。