早产儿的处理应该按 3 个步骤来进行:
如果有可能,应安排极低出生体重儿在非常专业的医院(通常指三级医院)出生。[14]Lasswell SM, Barfield WD, Rochat RW, et al. Perinatal regionalization for very low-birth-weight and very preterm infants: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2010 Sep 1;304(9):992-1000.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20810377?tool=bestpractice.com
产房紧急新生儿复苏
应根据当地指南对所有新生儿进行评估和必要的复苏。[11]Escobedo M. Moving from experience to evidence: changes in US Neonatal Resuscitation Program based on International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Review. J Perinatol. 2008 May;28(suppl 1):S35-40.https://www.nature.com/articles/jp200848http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18446175?tool=bestpractice.comResuscitation Council (UK): suggested sequence of actions - newborn life support algorithm 提前准备好设备和人员是成功的关键。复苏应包括清理气道、恰当的头位、保暖、保持婴儿身体干燥、适当刺激以及评估呼吸、心率和肤色。对于出生时不需要复苏的足月婴儿和早产儿,建议延迟脐带钳夹至 30 秒后。目前没有足够的证据来推荐对出生时需要复苏的婴儿进行脐带钳夹的方法。[15]American Heart Association. AHA guidelines for CPR and emergency cardiovascular care. Part 13: neonatal resuscitation. 2017 [internet publication].https://eccguidelines.heart.org/index.php/circulation/cpr-ecc-guidelines-2/part-13-neonatal-resuscitation/
很多早产儿在生后出现呼吸做功增加的体征(如鼻翼煽动,三凹征)、呼吸暂停或发绀,需要立即呼吸支持。 呼吸支持可以通过辅助供氧、经面罩正压通气 (positive pressure ventilation, PPV)、 [
]How does early nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) compare with early nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) in preterm infants?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1666/full显示答案 CPAP(持续气道正压通气) [
]Can prophylactic nasal continuous positive airway pressure help to prevent morbidity and mortality in very preterm infants?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1374/full显示答案 经带瓣面罩持续气道正压通气 (continuous positive airway pressure, CPAP) 或气管插管来完成。 [
]What are the effects of continuous distending pressure in preterm infants with respiratory distress?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1178/full显示答案 早产儿需要更小尺寸的面罩和气管导管 (endotracheal tube, ETT),与积极球囊通气相关的高压(气压伤)或高速(呼吸性碱中毒)造成的过度通气会对早产儿造成严重的远期后果。[16]Miller JD, Carlo WA. Pulmonary complications of mechanical ventilation in neonates. Clin Perinatol. 2008 Mar;35(1):273-81.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18280886?tool=bestpractice.com 2018 年一项针对 7 项临床试验的 Cochrane 评价得出结论:在婴儿>1500 g 或妊娠>34 周时,与使用球囊-面罩通气相比,使用喉罩可缩短复苏时间,并减少气管内插管的需求(低至中等质量证据)。[17]Qureshi MJ, Kumar M. Laryngeal mask airway versus bag-mask ventilation or endotracheal intubation for neonatal resuscitation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 15;(3):CD003314.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003314.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29542112?tool=bestpractice.com
只有在婴儿已经充分复苏后,才应依据新 Ballard 评分法进行全面的体格检查[12]Ballard JL, Khoury JC, Wedig K, et al. New Ballard Score, expanded to include extremely premature infants. J Pediatr. 1991 Sep;119(3):417-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1880657?tool=bestpractice.com 以便估计胎龄和识别任何潜在的异常(例如畸形体征、先天性缺陷)。大多情况下,早产的程度与急性疾病的范围和严重程度直接相关。
后续治疗
一旦成功复苏,并且情况稳定,就需要请新生儿科医师会诊,以处理与早产相关常见的急性医疗问题。
早期有效处理早产儿常见的急性躯体疾病(例如:呼吸窘迫、脓毒症、血糖异常、营养不良、体温调节异常和血压/血液灌注异常)非常重要。应对每例早产儿进行仔细的个体化评估,并进行必要的治疗。
在婴儿情况已经稳定和/或转入新生儿重症监护病房 (Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, NICU) 后,以下信息有助于后续的新生儿管理:母亲孕产史;血型;产前筛查发现的胎儿异常;包括母亲 HIV 感染状态、B 族链球菌定植证据、水痘带状疱疹和乙肝病毒感染情况的血清学检测;产前胎膜早破时间;产时胎粪污染和胎儿窘迫情况;以及母亲麻醉方式。对情况稳定的早产儿进行袋鼠式护理(即母亲和新生儿之间皮肤接触、频繁纯母乳或近纯母乳喂养和早期出院)可改善患儿结局,并增强母子依恋。[18]Conde-Agudelo A, Díaz-Rossello JL. Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low birthweight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Aug 23;(8):CD002771.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002771.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27552521?tool=bestpractice.com 一项研究在胎龄 33 周或更早出生的婴儿(无或低水平呼吸支持)中比较了标准新生儿重症监护病房 (NICU) 护理和家庭参与式护理 (Family Integrated Care, FICare) 的效果,结果显示,采用 FICare 可改善 21 天时体重增加这一主要结局。这可能是新生儿护理中的重要进展;需要进一步的研究来确定对长期结局的影响。[19]O'Brien K, Robson K, Bracht M, et al; FICare Study Group and FICare Parent Advisory Board. Effectiveness of Family Integrated Care in neonatal intensive care units on infant and parent outcomes: a multicentre, multinational, cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2018 Apr;2(4):245-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30169298?tool=bestpractice.com
大多数早产儿会患胃食管反流病 (GOR)。美国儿科学会 (The American Academy of Pediatrics) 于 2018 年 6 月发布了 GOR 诊断和管理指南,并报告称,尽管缺乏短期和长期数据,但最近使用抗反流药物治疗的情况有所增加。[20]Eichenwald EC; Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux in preterm infants. Pediatrics. 2018 Jul;142(1):e20181061.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/142/1/e20181061.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29915158?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Slaughter JL, Stenger MR, Reagan PB, et al. Neonatal histamine-2 receptor antagonist and proton pump inhibitor treatment at United States children’s hospitals. J Pediatr. 2016 Jul;174:63-70.e3.https://www.jpeds.com/article/S0022-3476(16)30003-8/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27131401?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Malcolm WF, Gantz M, Martin RJ, et al; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Use of medications for gastroesophageal reflux at discharge among extremely low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 2008 Jan;121(1):22-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18166553?tool=bestpractice.com结论指出,左侧体位、头抬高和控制喂养方案等措施并未显示出早产儿临床评估的 GOR 体征有所减少,并推荐在出院前应建议父母不要使用在婴儿床内将婴儿头部抬高的装置,而应让婴儿处于仰卧位,并强调了这一点的重要性。由于缺乏早产儿用药的有效性证据,并且存在少量由胃酸阻断所致伤害的证据,故指南还推荐早产儿应慎用药物。[23]Guillet R, Stoll BJ, Cotten CM, et al; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Association of H2-blocker therapy and higher incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 2006 Feb;117(2):e137-42.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/117/2/e137.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16390920?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Terrin G, Passariello A, De Curtis M, et al. Ranitidine is associated with infections, necrotizing enterocolitis, and fatal outcome in newborns. Pediatrics. 2012 Jan;129(1):e40-5.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/129/1/e40.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22157140?tool=bestpractice.com
极早早产儿:胎龄<28 周
在该群体中,由早产导致的并发症发生率和死亡率最高。[25]Wilkinson AR, Ahluwalia J, Cole A, et al; British Association of Perinatal Medicine. Management of babies born extremely preterm at less than 26 weeks of gestation: a framework for clinical practice at the time of birth. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2009 Jan;94(1):F2-5.http://fn.bmj.com/content/94/1/2.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18838468?tool=bestpractice.com 因此,早期请新生儿科医师会诊至关重要,以给予最大程度的治疗,并促进早期转诊。这些婴儿的管理需要十分注重产房复苏的方法和后续治疗。
通气支持和氧疗
由于先天性肺发育不成熟,这些早产儿发生呼吸窘迫的风险最高。可能需要进行正压通气 (PPV) 或气管插管,如果出现呼吸暂停、通气不足、三凹征、鼻翼煽动、呼吸急促和/或发绀以及缓解缺氧所需的吸入氧浓度不断增加,则可能在出生后即刻便需要实施这些操作。注意适度的小潮气量通气可减少大潮气量通气所致并发症(例如气胸)的发生。重要的是,如果需要进行持续面罩正压通气,建议采用经口胃管来降低胃内压。如果新生儿需要插管,应通过以下几种方法来证实气管导管 (ETT) 的放置位置:胸部 X 线检查、呼气末 CO₂ 检测、听诊两侧呼吸音、管内气雾、以及直接观察通过声带的导管。气管导管 (ETT) 的型号选择(体重<1000 g:2.5 mm ETT)和插入深度(6 + 体重 [kg] = 导管末端至口唇距离 [cm])非常重要。如果需要使用呼吸机,应依据动脉血气分析,尽量采用能达到充分通气的最低吸气峰压,以减少肺气压/容积伤。容量目标通气模式可缩短通气时间,并降低支气管肺发育不良的风险。[26]Peng W, Zhu H, Shi H, et al. Volume-targeted ventilation is more suitable than pressure-limited ventilation for preterm infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2014 Mar;99(2):F158-65.http://fn.bmj.com/content/99/2/F158.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24277660?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How does volume-targeted ventilation compare with traditional pressure-limited ventilation for neonates?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1943/full显示答案 目前,对于胎龄<28 周的早产儿,在产房即开始应用经鼻持续气道正压通气 (CPAP) 代替插管和使用表面活性剂可作为一种治疗选择,已有研究表明这种治疗策略可缩短机械通气的时间以及对使用皮质类固醇治疗支气管肺发育不良 (bronchopulmonary dysplasia, BPD) 的需求。 [
]Can prophylactic nasal continuous positive airway pressure help to prevent morbidity and mortality in very preterm infants?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1374/full显示答案 [
]In preterm infants with evolving or established bronchopulmonary dysplasia, what are the effects of systemic corticosteroids administered within eight days after birth?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2018/full显示答案 持续气道正压通气 (CPAP) 组的不良反应并没有增加,并且 CPAP 组和气管插管组的死亡率或 BPD 发生率(主要结局)是相似的。[27]Finer NN, Carlo WA, Walsh MC, et al; SUPPORT Study Group of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD Neonatal Research Network. Early CPAP versus surfactant in extremely preterm infants. N Engl J Med. 2010 May 27;362(21):1970-9. [Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2010 Jun 10;362(23):2235.]https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0911783http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20472939?tool=bestpractice.com 一项综述得出的结论是,与气管插管和机械通气相比,出生时使用经鼻 CPAP 可减少对机械通气和表面活性剂使用的需求,降低 BPD 的发病率,并改善死亡或 BPD 结局。[28]Subramaniam P, Ho JJ, Davis PG. Prophylactic nasal continuous positive airway pressure for preventing morbidity and mortality in very preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Jun 14;(6):CD001243.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001243.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27315509?tool=bestpractice.com
应避免使用过高浓度的氧气,以降低后续并发症(例如早产儿视网膜病 [retinopathy of prematurity, ROP] 或慢性肺疾病)的发生率。[29]Askie LM, Henderson-Smart DJ, Ko H. Restricted versus liberal oxygen exposure for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm or low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jan 21;(1):CD001077.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001077.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19160188?tool=bestpractice.com 一篇 Cochrane 评价基于多项关于妊娠 28 周内出生婴儿的随机临床试验,评估了范围在 85%-89%(低)或 91%-95%(高)内的氧饱和度 (SpO₂) 的影响。结果显示死亡率与早产儿严重视网膜病发生率呈现此消彼长的关系。[30]Askie LM, Darlow BA, Davis PG, et al. Effects of targeting lower versus higher arterial oxygen saturations on death or disability in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Apr 11;(4):CD011190.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011190.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28398697?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How do lower and higher ranges of targeted oxygen saturation compare in preterm infants?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1763/full显示答案 如果婴儿对 40% 的氧气效果欠佳,推荐以 10% 的增量逐渐增加吸入氧浓度 (FiO₂),直至达到临床疗效。达到目标氧饱和度(通常为 91%-95%)后停止氧疗。目标氧饱和度<90% 可使早产儿的死亡率增加。[31]Stenson BJ, Tarnow-Mordi WO, Darlow BA, et al; BOOST II United Kingdom Collaborative Group; BOOST II Australia Collaborative Group; BOOST II New Zealand Collaborative Group. Oxygen saturation and outcomes in preterm infants. N Engl J Med. 2013 May 30;368(22):2094-104.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1302298http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23642047?tool=bestpractice.com
因为早产儿缺乏肺表面活性物质,所以可能有必要补充外源性肺表面活性剂。[32]Soll R, Özek E. Prophylactic protein free synthetic surfactant for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jan 20;(1):CD001079.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001079.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20091513?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Pfister RH, Soll R, Wiswell TE. Protein-containing synthetic surfactant versus protein-free synthetic surfactant for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Oct 7;(4):CD006180.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006180.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19821357?tool=bestpractice.com 应用表面活性剂之前,应确认气管导管 (ETT) 的位置合适,以免出现气胸等并发症或到达两侧肺的表面活性剂不均衡。应用表面活性剂之后,肺顺应性得到改善,需及时下调呼吸机参数,以避免出现过度通气。
低体温
低体温是由对流、辐射、蒸发所致的热量丢失增加而造成的,是非常常见的并发症。除了常规护理之外,铺有温暖婴儿毛毯且提前预热的婴儿辐射保暖台、出生后立即将新生儿下肢和躯干放入透明塑料袋内、使用塑料帽或导热垫有助于减少体温过低的发生。[34]Knobel RB, Wimmer JE Jr, Holbert D. Heat loss prevention for preterm infants in the delivery room. J Perinatol. 2005 May;25(5):304-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15861196?tool=bestpractice.com[35]McCall EM, Alderdice F, Halliday HL, et al. Interventions to prevent hypothermia at birth in preterm and/or low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Feb 12;(2):CD004210.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004210.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29431872?tool=bestpractice.com[36]de Almeida MF, Guinsburg R, Sancho GA, et al; Brazilian Network on Neonatal Research. Hypothermia and early neonatal mortality in preterm infants. J Pediatr. 2014 Feb;164(2):271-5.e1.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24210925?tool=bestpractice.com [
]In preterm and/or low birth weight infants, how does plastic wrap or bag compare with routine care for preventing hypothermia?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2023/full显示答案 正常体温是 36.5℃-37.7℃ (97.7℉-99.9℉)。[37]Sinclair JC. Servo-control for maintaining abdominal skin temperature at 36C in low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002 Jan 21;(1):CD001074.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11869590?tool=bestpractice.com
低血糖
预防低血糖(血糖<2.5 mmol/L [<45 mg/dL])很重要,可以通过在早期静脉输注足量液体(不含其他电解质的 10% 右旋葡萄糖溶液,以 80-100 mL/kg/d 的剂量给予)来预防低血糖。由于经未成熟皮肤丢失的水分增加,因而需要增加液体的供给量,可依据血清电解质检测结果来调整供给量。[38]Stanley CA, Baker L. The causes of neonatal hypoglycemia. N Engl J Med. 1999 Apr 15;340(15):1200-1.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10202173?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Hermansen MC, Hermansen MG. Pitfalls in neonatal resuscitation. Clin Perinatol. 2005 Mar;32(1):77-95.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15777822?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Salhab WA, Wyckoff MH, Laptook AR, et al. Initial hypoglycemia and neonatal brain injury in term infants with severe fetal acidemia. Pediatrics. 2004 Aug;114(2):361-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15286217?tool=bestpractice.com
喂养一般延迟到转入新生儿重症监护室 (NICU),以便于初始稳定心肺功能。 [
]How does delaying introduction of progressive enteral feeds affect outcomes in very preterm or very low birth weight infants?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.608/full显示答案 早产是坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)的主要风险因素。
推荐缓慢增加肠内喂养 (20 mL/kg/日)。推荐使用母乳和母乳强化剂喂养,以降低坏死性小肠结肠炎 (NEC) 的发生风险。[41]Sullivan S, Schanler RJ, Kim JH, et al. An exclusively human milk-based diet is associated with a lower rate of necrotizing enterocolitis than a diet of human milk and bovine milk-based products. J Pediatr. 2010 Apr;156(4):562-7.e1.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20036378?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Arslanoglu S, Ziegler EE, Moro GE; World Association of Perinatal Medicine Working Group On Nutrition. Donor human milk in preterm infant feeding: evidence and recommendations. J Perinat Med. 2010 Jul;38(4):347-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20443660?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Arslanoglu S, Moro GE, Ziegler EE; WAPM Working Group On Nutrition. Optimization of human milk fortification for preterm infants: new concepts and recommendations. J Perinat Med. 2010 May;38(3):233-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20184400?tool=bestpractice.com [
]For preterm or low birth weight infants, does randomized controlled trial evidence support the use of formula instead of donor breast milk?https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2236/full显示答案 纯母乳喂养可降低 NEC 的发生率,并缩短肠外营养的使用时间。[44]Cristofalo EA, Schanler RJ, Blanco CL, et al. Randomized trial of exclusive human milk versus preterm formula diets in extremely premature infants. J Pediatr. 2013 Dec;163(6):1592-5.e1.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23968744?tool=bestpractice.com
血管通路
由于存在建立和维持外周静脉通路方面的技术困难,并且可能需要采用专用的静脉通路来给予一些药物(因为存在不相容性),因而经常需要建立多腔的中央静脉通路(包括脐静脉)或经皮中央静脉通路。[45]Shah PS, Shah VS. Continuous heparin infusion to prevent thrombosis and catheter occlusion in neonates with peripherally placed percutaneous central venous catheters. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Apr 16;(2):CD002772.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002772.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18425882?tool=bestpractice.com 为了监测血压,可能需建立脐动脉或外周动脉通路。New England Journal of Medicine: umbilical catheter placement video 对通过脐动脉和经皮静脉导管输注的液体进行肝素化(肝素浓度:1 U/mL)能降低血栓堵塞的可能性。[45]Shah PS, Shah VS. Continuous heparin infusion to prevent thrombosis and catheter occlusion in neonates with peripherally placed percutaneous central venous catheters. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Apr 16;(2):CD002772.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002772.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18425882?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Barrington KJ. Umbilical artery catheters in the newborn: effects of heparin. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000 Jan 25;(2):CD000507.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10796377?tool=bestpractice.com
低血压
对于低血压,应立即请新生儿科医师会诊,以进行恰当处理,因为大脑血流自主调节功能最差的患儿,神经系统不良结局的发生风险最高。建议应用晶体液或升压药(例如多巴胺)使平均动脉压至少达到 30 mmHg,以维持充分的灌注。[47]Osborn DA, Evans NJ. Early volume expansion for prevention of morbidity and mortality in very preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004 Apr 19;(2):CD002055.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15106166?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Dempsey EM, Barrington KJ. Treating hypotension in the preterm infant: when and with what: a critical and systematic review. J Perinatol. 2007 Aug;27(8):469-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17653217?tool=bestpractice.com 这个过程必须谨慎,因为血压的波动会增加脑室内出血 (intraventricular haemorrhage, IVH) 的风险。如果灌注状况较差,还可考虑应用多巴酚丁胺,因为它可增加心输出量,并改善灌注。[47]Osborn DA, Evans NJ. Early volume expansion for prevention of morbidity and mortality in very preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004 Apr 19;(2):CD002055.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15106166?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Seri I. Management of hypotension and low systemic blood flow in the very low birth weight neonate during the first postnatal week. J Perinatol. 2006 May;26 Suppl 1:S8-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16625228?tool=bestpractice.com
如果怀疑导管依赖型先天性心脏病,可输注前列腺素,以维持动脉导管开放。[50]Brooks PA, Penny DJ. Management of the sick neonate with suspected heart disease. Early Hum Dev. 2008 Mar;84(3):155-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18314280?tool=bestpractice.com
对于升压药难治的低血压,可以应用氢化可的松治疗。
感染
反复呼吸暂停
甲基黄嘌呤类药物可用于治疗胎龄<34 周早产儿的反复呼吸暂停。咖啡因的安全性较好,可作为首选的甲基黄嘌呤类药物。当早产儿胎龄>34 周且呼吸暂停消失超过 5-7 天时,可停用咖啡因。[51]Henderson-Smart DJ, De Paoli AG. Methylxanthine treatment for apnoea in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Dec 8;(12):CD000140.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000140.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21154343?tool=bestpractice.com
重度早产儿:胎龄 28-31 周
相对于极早早产儿,重度早产儿出生后的病情通常稍轻,甚至可能不出现异常情况。这些新生儿需特殊护理,尽早请新生儿医师会诊,情况稳定后转入新生儿重症监护病房 (NICU)。
通气支持和氧疗
若没有其他因素,例如脓毒症或严重围生期疾病,随着胎龄增加,因严重呼吸窘迫而需在产房立即进行气管插管的发生率降低。很多新生儿需要最低氧浓度的持续气道正压通气 (CPAP)。有一些则需要温和的正压通气 (PPV)。
应避免过度的氧气暴露,以降低后续并发症(例如视网膜病变或慢性肺疾病)的可能性。如果婴儿对 40% 氧气的反应欠佳,建议以 10% 的增量逐渐增加 FiO₂,直到达到临床疗效。达到目标氧饱和度(通常为 91%-95%)时停止氧疗。早产儿目标氧饱和度<90% 可造成死亡率增加。[31]Stenson BJ, Tarnow-Mordi WO, Darlow BA, et al; BOOST II United Kingdom Collaborative Group; BOOST II Australia Collaborative Group; BOOST II New Zealand Collaborative Group. Oxygen saturation and outcomes in preterm infants. N Engl J Med. 2013 May 30;368(22):2094-104.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1302298http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23642047?tool=bestpractice.com
如果需要气管插管,推荐的气管导管型号是 3 mm,插入深度(导管末端距口唇的厘米数)为 6 + 体重 (kg)。应采取多种方法确认气管导管的位置,包括胸部 X 线检查、呼气末 CO₂ 检测、听诊双侧呼吸音、导管内气雾,以及直接观察通过声带的导管。
确认气管导管位置正确后,可能需应用肺表面活性物质治疗,过程应小心谨慎,以避免出现肺顺应性增加引起的并发症,例如气胸。
低体温
低血糖
发生低血糖的风险仍然较高,需要早期静脉输液(不含其他电解质的 10% 右旋葡萄糖溶液,以 60-80 mL/kg/日的剂量给予)。
由于存在发生 NEC 的风险,推荐在新生儿被安全转运并接受全面评估后,再给予肠内营养。
早产儿由于胃肠道发育不成熟,NEC 的发生率增加。推荐缓慢增加肠内喂养量 (20mL/kg/日)。推荐使用母乳和母乳强化剂喂养,以降低 NEC 的发生风险。[41]Sullivan S, Schanler RJ, Kim JH, et al. An exclusively human milk-based diet is associated with a lower rate of necrotizing enterocolitis than a diet of human milk and bovine milk-based products. J Pediatr. 2010 Apr;156(4):562-7.e1.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20036378?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Arslanoglu S, Ziegler EE, Moro GE; World Association of Perinatal Medicine Working Group On Nutrition. Donor human milk in preterm infant feeding: evidence and recommendations. J Perinat Med. 2010 Jul;38(4):347-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20443660?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Arslanoglu S, Moro GE, Ziegler EE; WAPM Working Group On Nutrition. Optimization of human milk fortification for preterm infants: new concepts and recommendations. J Perinat Med. 2010 May;38(3):233-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20184400?tool=bestpractice.com [
]For preterm or low birth weight infants, does randomized controlled trial evidence support the use of formula instead of donor breast milk?https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2236/full显示答案 纯母乳喂养可降低 NEC 的发生率,并缩短肠外营养的使用时间。[44]Cristofalo EA, Schanler RJ, Blanco CL, et al. Randomized trial of exclusive human milk versus preterm formula diets in extremely premature infants. J Pediatr. 2013 Dec;163(6):1592-5.e1.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23968744?tool=bestpractice.com
血管通路
低血压
感染
中度早产儿:胎龄 32-33 周
与重度早产儿和极早早产儿相比,此类早产儿的急性并发症发生率较低。应遵循当地的复苏指南。这些新生儿需特殊护理,尽早请新生儿医师会诊,情况稳定后转入 NICU。
常见的问题有低血糖和轻度呼吸窘迫。可能需要短暂的经鼻 CPAP 治疗,但很少需要进行气管插管和表面活性物质治疗。由于喂养量必须缓慢增加,因此在刚开始肠内喂养时,经常需要静脉输液(不含其他电解质的 10% 右旋葡萄糖溶液)来预防低血糖。此类早产儿仍很可能无法维持 36.5℃-37.7℃ (97.7℉-99.9℉) 的正常体温,仍需要辐射保暖台或保育箱来维持体温正常。可能需要筛查和/或使用抗生素治疗疑似感染以及处理低血压。[52]Boyle EM, Johnson S, Manktelow B, et al. Neonatal outcomes and delivery of care for infants born late preterm or moderately preterm: a prospective population-based study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2015 Nov;100(6):F479-85.http://fn.bmj.com/content/100/6/F479.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25834169?tool=bestpractice.com
近足月儿:胎龄 34-36 周
此组新生儿最不可能表现出与早产相关的严重问题。
需要治疗的呼吸窘迫的发生风险非常低。然而,有些新生儿仍可能需要短暂的经鼻 CPAP 治疗。若给予充分的包裹,此类新生儿常能维持体温正常,介于36.5℃-37.7℃(97.7℉-99.9℉)。有些新生儿可能需要抗感染治疗或低血压处理。对于胎龄 35-36 周新生儿的管理,应注意黄疸发生风险增加。[52]Boyle EM, Johnson S, Manktelow B, et al. Neonatal outcomes and delivery of care for infants born late preterm or moderately preterm: a prospective population-based study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2015 Nov;100(6):F479-85.http://fn.bmj.com/content/100/6/F479.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25834169?tool=bestpractice.com
胎龄<35周的新生儿可能需要喂养支持,应被转入NICU。 [
]What are the benefits and harms of responsive versus scheduled feeding in preterm infants?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1491/full显示答案 其经口摄食能力可能会限制肠内喂养的进展(尤其是胎龄 34 周的新生儿),因此需要静脉输液作为过渡,以预防低血糖。
胎龄 35-36 周的新生儿出生后临床状况可能很好,可将其送至新生儿病房接受常规护理。然而,与足月儿相比,他们需要更密切的观察,因为他们可能出现由早产导致的喂养困难和相关低血糖,并且可能需要入住 NICU 接受支持治疗。