治疗包含使用抗微生物药物预防疗法来预防感染。需要对感染进行谨慎的监测,因为即使存在严重的活动性感染,患者也可能几乎没有症状。由于感染的异质性与严重性,需及时治疗。
活动性感染
如果可行,在治疗之前建议进行一些操作来识别感染的微生物,例如进行感染部位手术活检或支气管肺泡灌洗。由于感染需要积极的长期治疗,因此任何感染都应当及时治疗,同时咨询免疫学与传染病学专家。初始治疗包括静脉给予覆盖金黄色葡萄球菌及革兰阴性菌的广谱抗生素,例如粘质沙雷氏菌及洋葱伯克霍尔德菌。早期发起广谱抗真菌治疗通常也是必要的;伏立康唑或脂质体两性霉素是首选药物。[47]Herbrecht R, Denning DW, Patterson TF, et al. Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:408-415.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa020191#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12167683?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Antachopoulos C, Walsh TJ, Roilides E. Fungal infections in primary immunodeficiencies. Eur J Pediatr. 2007;166:1099-1117.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17551753?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Seger RA. Modern management of chronic granulomatous disease. Br J Haematol. 2008;140:255-266.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18217895?tool=bestpractice.com 一旦确定病原体,就可以开始针对该病原体的治疗。
对于危及生命的感染,可进行粒细胞输注。[50]Bielorai B, Toren A, Wolach B, et al. Successful treatment of invasive aspergillosis in chronic granulomatous disease by granulocyte transfusion followed by peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2000;26:1025-1028.http://www.nature.com/bmt/journal/v26/n9/full/1702651a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11100285?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Yomtovian R, Abramson J, Quie P, et al. Granulocyte transfusion therapy in chronic granulomatous disease. Report of a patient and review of the literature. Transfusion. 1981;21:739-743.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7314224?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Ozsahin H, von Planta M, Muller I, et al. Successful treatment of invasive aspergillosis in chronic granulomatous disease by bone marrow transplantation, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mobilized granulocytes, and liposomal amphotericin B. Blood. 1998;92:2719-2724.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/92/8/2719http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9763555?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Ikinciogullari A, Dogu F, Solaz N, et al. Granulocyte transfusions in children with chronic granulomatous disease and invasive aspergillosis. Ther Apher Dial. 2005;9:137-141.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15828925?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Stroncek DF, Leonard K, Eiber G, et al. Alloimmunization after granulocyte transfusions. Transfusion. 1996;36:1009-1015.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8937413?tool=bestpractice.com 应权衡提供功能性粒细胞的短期获益与外来抗原(例如 HLA 抗原)暴露的风险。同种异体免疫与输注反应的风险有关,可能不利于将来的造血干细胞移植。[54]Stroncek DF, Leonard K, Eiber G, et al. Alloimmunization after granulocyte transfusions. Transfusion. 1996;36:1009-1015.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8937413?tool=bestpractice.com
关于对 CGD 患者使用 γ 干扰素治疗感染的研究匮乏,且关于此做法存在争议,但一些专家支持对重病患者使用 γ 干扰素,以期产生治疗益处。[35]Fischer A, Segal AW, Seger R, et al. The management of chronic granulomatous disease. Eur J Pediatr. 1993;152:896-899.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8276018?tool=bestpractice.com
肝脓肿
对肝脓肿使用抗生素联合皮质类固醇治疗。[55]Leiding JW, Freeman AF, Marciano BE, et al. Corticosteroid therapy for liver abscess in chronic granulomatous disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:694-700.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3275758/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22157170?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Straughan DM, McLoughlin KC, Mullinax JE, et al. The changing paradigm of management of liver abscesses in chronic granulomatous disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Nov 14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29145578?tool=bestpractice.com但它们可能需要手术引流或切除,并且常常与并发症相关。金黄色葡萄球菌为常见致病原。[12]Lublin M, Bartlett DL, Danforth DN, et al. Hepatic abscess in patients with chronic granulomatous disease. Ann Surg. 2002;235:383-391.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1422444/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11882760?tool=bestpractice.com 关于使用将正常供者的粒细胞注入病灶、全身性粒细胞输注及 γ 干扰素疗法,已有报道。[57]Lekstrom-Himes JA, Holland SM, DeCarlo ES, et al. Treatment with intralesional granulocyte instillations and interferon-gamma for a patient with chronic granulomatous disease and multiple hepatic abscesses. Clin Infect Dis. 1994;19:770-773.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7803648?tool=bestpractice.com 对于接受手术的患者,建议在术后进行全身性抗生素和抗真菌治疗。
胃肠道或泌尿生殖道后遗症
小肠结肠炎、胃肠道梗阻或继发于肉芽肿形成的泌尿生殖道梗阻为可能的后遗症。若小肠结肠炎为感染性的,则应给予抗生素治疗。然而,CGD 患者经常患有克罗恩病样肠病,主要的治疗方法是免疫抑制治疗,最常使用柳氮磺吡啶(或类似的 5-氨基水杨酸药物)治疗轻度疾病,或者使用皮质类固醇治疗严重疾病或急性发作。也可以使用其他更有效的免疫抑制剂,但由于抗肿瘤坏死因子治疗的并发症发生率较高,应该谨慎使用该治疗。[58]Uzel G, Orange JS, Poliak N, et al. Complications of tumor necrosis factor-α blockade in chronic granulomatous disease-related colitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51:1429-1434.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3106244/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21058909?tool=bestpractice.com 可使用皮质类固醇治疗多数空腔脏器梗阻,但对于未缓解的梗阻或者严重的瘘,则需要进行手术。[6]Marciano BE, Rosenzweig SD, Kleiner DE, et al. Gastrointestinal involvement in chronic granulomatous disease. Pediatrics. 2004;114:462-468.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15286231?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Huang A, Abbasakoor F, Vaizey CJ. Gastrointestinal manifestations of chronic granulomatous disease. Colorectal Dis. 2006;8:637-644.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16970572?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Walther MM, Malech H, Berman A, et al. The urological manifestations of chronic granulomatous disease. J Urol. 1992;147:1314-1318.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1569675?tool=bestpractice.com
预防性治疗
预防性治疗是 CGD 管理的重要组成部分,包括联用或不联用 γ 干扰素的抗微生物药物预防疗法。甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑使 CGD 患者细菌感染的发生率下降,并对真菌感染发生率有不同的影响。[14]Mouy R, Veber F, Blanche S, et al. Long-term itraconazole prophylaxis against Aspergillus infections in thirty-two patients with chronic granulomatous disease. J Pediatr. 1994;125:998-1003.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7996377?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Martire B, Rondelli R, Soresina A, et al. Clinical features, long-term follow-up and outcome of a large cohort of patients with chronic granulomatous disease: an Italian multicenter study. Clin Immunol. 2008;126:155-164.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18037347?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Margolis DM, Melnick DA, Alling DW, et al. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis in the management of chronic granulomatous disease. J Infect Dis. 1990;162:723-726.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2117627?tool=bestpractice.com 对于存在甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑过敏的患者,可使用替代抗生素进行治疗。使用伊曲康唑的抗真菌预防疗法已经成为 CGD 患者的标准治疗方法,并显示出可降低真菌感染发生率。[60]Gallin JI, Alling DW, Malech HL, et al. Itraconazole to prevent fungal infections in chronic granulomatous disease. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:2416-2422.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa021931#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12802027?tool=bestpractice.com真菌感染发生率:一项中等质量证据显示伊曲康唑降低 CGD 患者的真菌感染发生率。[60]Gallin JI, Alling DW, Malech HL, et al. Itraconazole to prevent fungal infections in chronic granulomatous disease. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:2416-2422.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa021931#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12802027?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 γ 干扰素可降低感染发生率,但研究结果不一致。[26]Foster CB, Lehrnbecher T, Mol F, et al. Host defense molecule polymorphisms influence the risk for immune-mediated complications in chronic granulomatous disease. J Clin Invest. 1998;102:2146-2155.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC509169/pdf/1022146.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9854050?tool=bestpractice.com[61]The international chronic granulomatous disease cooperative study group. A controlled trial of interferon gamma to prevent infection in chronic granulomatous disease. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:509-516.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1846940?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Weening RS, Leitz GJ, Seger RA. Recombinant human interferon-gamma in patients with chronic granulomatous disease - European follow up study. Eur J Pediatr. 1995;154:295-298.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7607280?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Marciano BE, Wesley R, De Carlo ES, et al. Long-term interferon-gamma therapy for patients with chronic granulomatous disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:692-699.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/39/5/692.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15356785?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Goldblatt D. Current treatment options for chronic granulomatous disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2002;3:857-863.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12083986?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,副作用会限制药物的使用。γ 干扰素的常规使用存在很大差异,即使在专科医生之间,也是如此。
异基因干细胞移植
异基因干细胞移植是一种治愈性操作,但该疗法本身存在导致患者死亡和发生并发症的风险,特别是对年龄较大的患者实施时。总体存活率超过 80%,多数存活的患者可获治愈,尤其是在具备 HLA 匹配供体的情况下。[65]Hasegawa D, Fukushima M, Hosokawa Y, et al. Successful treatment of chronic granulomatous disease with fludarabine-based reduced-intensity conditioning and unrelated bone marrow transplantation. Int J Hematol. 2008;87:88-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18224420?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Sastry J, Kakakios A, Tugwell H, et al. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation with reduced intensity conditioning for chronic granulomatous disease complicated by invasive Aspergillus infection. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2006;47:327-329.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16628555?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Parikh SH, Szabolcs P, Prasad VK, et al. Correction of chronic granulomatous disease after second unrelated-donor umbilical cord transplantation. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2007;49:982-984.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17941061?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Seger RA, Gungor T, Belohradsky BH, et al. Treatment of chronic granulomatous disease with myeloablative conditioning and an unmodified hemopoietic allograft: a survey of the European experience, 1985-2000. Blood. 2002;100:4344-4350.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/100/13/4344http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12393596?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Del Giudice I, Iori AP, Mengarelli A, et al. Allogeneic stem cell transplant from HLA-identical sibling for chronic granulomatous disease and review of the literature. Ann Hematol. 2003;82:189-192.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12634956?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Kansoy S, Kutukculer N, Aksoylar S, et al. Successful bone marrow transplantation in an 8-month-old patient with chronic granulomatous disease. Turk J Pediatr. 2006;48:253-255.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17172071?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Soncini E, Slatter MA, Jones LB, et al. Unrelated donor and HLA-identical sibling haematopoietic stem cell transplantation cure chronic granulomatous disease with good long-term outcome and growth. Br J Haematol. 2009;145:73-83.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07614.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19222467?tool=bestpractice.com 近期重症监护支持与审慎实施的预处理方案的进步,改善了移植患者的并发症发生率和死亡率。许多专科医生主张,若有 HLA 匹配的同胞供者,在诊断为 CGD 之后尽快进行移植,因为目前从总体健康状况与总体存活结局来看,移植的效果可能优于长期预防性治疗。在确诊后或者个体患者发生严重并发症后,越来越多地考虑进行 HLA 匹配非亲属(包括脐带血)移植。干细胞移植应在有经验进行原发性免疫缺陷病干细胞移植治疗的医疗中心进行。干细胞移植治疗已经成功应用于抢救难治性感染的患者,但该治疗的危险性较高。